exam 1 week 1-3

Question 1

opposite of inferior

Answer 1

superior

Question 2

the shoulder is ——– to the wrist

Answer 2

proximal

Question 3

another word for posterior

Answer 3

dorsal

Question 4

closer to the midline

Answer 4

medial

Question 5

the wrist is —— to the elbow

Answer 5

distal

Question 6

means the same as anterior

Answer 6

ventral

Question 7

muscles of the arm are ——— to the bone of the arm

Answer 7

superficial

Question 8

the little finger is on the —— part of the hand

Question 9

the heel is ——- or —— to the toes

Answer 9

posterior, dorsal

Question 10

the toes are —– or —— to the ankle

Answer 10

ventral or anterior

Question 11

the heart is —— or —— to the stomach

Answer 11

cranial, superior

Question 12

Where is the hyoid bone located and in which skeletal division does it belong? What other bones belong in that division?

Answer 12

The hyoid bone is located in the neck.
The hyoid bone is a part of the axial skeletal division
The other bones in the axial skeletal division are vertebrae, rib cage, skull, and facial bones.

Question 13

What are the three functions of bone?

Answer 13

Support and protect internal organs
Form attachments of muscles to facilitate movement
Mineral storage
Fat storage and hematopoiesis

Question 14

What are the functions of cartilage?

Answer 14

Line the articular surface/facet of bones
Form entire structure

Question 15

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 15

Smooth and glassy appearance with large amounts of collagen

Found in articular surfaces of bones and in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

Question 16

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 16

Very flexible with less collagen and more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage

Found in ear and ear canal, epiglottis, and nose

Question 17

Fibrous Cartilage

Answer 17

Tougher than all other cartilages and made of dense collagenous fibers

Present in areas most subject to frequent stress (TMJ, vertebral discs)

Question 18

List functions of glia cells

Answer 18

Myelination
Creating cerebrospinal fluid
Support/maintain chemical environments
Nutrient transport
Repair damaged axons

Question 19

What is the difference between white and gray matter? Where do we find each?

Answer 19

Grey matter – in the CNS
Contains cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, synapses, and glial cells of the neurons in the brain
Cerebral cortex
White matter – in the CNS
Contains myelinated axons and glial cells that produce myelin
White matter fibers

Question 20

What cranial bone is shaped like a butterfly? What is the function of this bone?

Answer 20

The sphenoid bone is shaped like a butterfly and helps form the base of the cranium.

Question 21

frontal lobe

Answer 21

executing and planning movements

Question 22

parietal lobe

Answer 22

receive and interpret sensory information from the body

Question 23

temporal lobe

Answer 23

receive and interpret auditory information

Question 24

occipital lobe

Answer 24

receive and interpret visual information from retinas

Question 25

Damage to which brain area causes non-fluent aphasia?

Answer 25

Broca’s area/left inferior frontal gyrus/frontal operculum/BA 44, 45

Question 26

If a patient presents with a lesion on the left Primary Motor Area that controls the foot, which side of the body is affected and how much of the body is affected?

Answer 26

The right foot will be affected (motor control of the right foot). The motor impairment may be complete.

Question 27

If a patient presents with a lesion on the right Primary Motor Area that controls the pharynx/throat, which side of the body is affected and how much of the body is affected?

Answer 27

Both sides may be affected due to bilateral innervation. However, the motor control of the left side of the pharynx/throat will be more affected than the right. However the motor impairment will not be complete because of the bilateral innervation

Question 28

Insula is a ----- matter area of the brain

Answer 28

gray

Question 28

The basal ganglia provides ........ input for motor behaviors

Answer 28

both excitatory and inhibitory

Question 29

the basal ganglia is a --------- structure

Answer 29

subcortical

Question 30

the infundibulum is part of the -------

Answer 30

hypothalamus

Question 31

What type of white matter fiber is the corpus callosum?

Answer 31

commissural fiber

Question 32

Gray matter includes ---------- axons

Answer 32

unmyelinated

Question 33

white matter includes ------ axons

Answer 33

myelinated

Question 34

Which brain area is responsible for motor planning for speech?

Answer 34

broca's area

Question 35

What are the names of the structures included in the basal ganglia?

Answer 35

Striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus (internal and external)

Question 36

What are the main parts of the limbic system?

Answer 36

Amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus

Question 37

Which structure is considered the sensory relay station of the brain?

Answer 37

Thalamus

Question 38

the area where motor fibers cross to the other side and head from the medulla to the spinal cord.

Answer 38

decussation of pyramids

Question 39

associated with the cortex and fine voluntary movement.

Answer 39

middle/posterior lobe

Question 40

What are the parts of the brainstem?

Answer 40

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 41

What structures emerge as continuations of the internal capsule in the midbrain?

Answer 41

Cerebral peduncles

Question 42

The flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum is divided from the rest of the cerebellum by which structure?

Answer 42

Posterolateral fissure