Exam 1 (Worldviews, Biomes, Symbiosis, Evolution, Energy/Ecosystems) Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
the change in population of a trophic level causes the population of other trophic levels to change
A
Trophic Cascade
2
Q
plants that grow on other plants but are NOT parasites
A
Epiphytes
3
Q
Type of wetland that forms when soil particles are jammed so close together that water can’t get through
A
Hydric Soil
4
Q
any living thing
A
organism
5
Q
Types of organisms that pollinate plants in a Tropical Rainforest
A
Insects and small primates
6
Q
Type of wetland that forms when glaciers push rocks into ground, gouging out soil; sometimes called ‘prairie potholes’
A
Glacial carve-out
7
Q
Biome containing trees that drop their leaves once a year
A
Deciduous forest
8
Q
plant-eating organisms (include frugivores, folivores, granivores, and nectivores)
A
herbivores
9
Q
5 types of adaptations organisms use to survive in deserts
A
Active times, water conservation, coloration, dormancy, body forms
10
Q
Scientist who along with others created the disproven theories of use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits, increasing complexity, no extinction events, and equal survival and reproduction
A
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
11
Q
Strata in a rainforest
A
5; Emergent layer, canopy, understory, shrub, herb/floor
12
Q
High abundance and biodiversity, diverse habitats, rich soils, mast crops (dominant food sources)
A
Deciduous forest
13
Q
Avg. Precipitation 30-60 in, up to 120 in, equally distributed throughout year
A
Deciduous forest
14
Q
Two types of motion water can exhibit in a wetland
A
Flowing or stagnant
15
Q
Avg. Precipitation: 12 in - 30 in, up to 75 in (mostly snow in winter)
A
Coniferous forest
16
Q
Biome that is a large greenhouse gas sink
A
Tundra
17
Q
3 types of grasslands
A
Shortgrass, tallgrass, mixed
18
Q
What percentage of the original energy from a producer would a tertiary consumer get?
A
(0.1%)
19
Q
Nutrient rich, low minerals, diverse plants/animals, highly endangered biome
A
Wetlands
20
Q
2 features that help support trees in Tropical Rainforests
A
Prop roots and buttresses
21
Q
Has abundant minerals, few nutrients, high biodiversity, low abundance, has prominent wind and water erosion taking place
A
Desert
22
Q
all populations of species within an area
A
community
23
Q
composite organism; combo of algae and fungus
A
Lichen
24
Q
Which is usually larger, fundamental or realized niche?
A
Fundamental niche
25
ability to move matter and/or do work, has no mass and doesn't occupy space, cannot be recycled
Energy
26
(-, 0) One organism hurt while another unaffected (Penicillium and bacteria)
Amensalism
27
Theory of evolution: organisms change in large steps that are isolated in nature, followed by long periods of stagnation
Punctuated Equilibrium
28
State of sub-optimum conditions where less members of a species survive
Zone of stress
29
when evolution causes a characteristic in a population to shift in one direction
Directional Impact
30
cross of two different species
Hybrid
31
when evolution creates less outliers in a population
Stabilizing impact
32
Strata in a grassland
None
33
community AND non-living components (water, soil, temperature, nutrients)
ecosystem
34
Being active during dusk and dawn, as opposed to nocturnal or diurnal
Crepuscular
35
Biome that can have 24-hr sunlight or 24-hr darkness depending on latitude or time of year
Tundra
36
group of organisms that are closely enough related to breed and produce viable offspring
Species
37
group of one species within a certain geographic region
population
38
anything that occupies space and has mass, can be recycled
Matter
39
Strata in a tundra
3; Ground plants, mounding plants, Emergent layer
40
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight --> glucose + oxygen
Photosynthesis
41
Strata in coniferous forest
None
42
how species impact each other and how this influences niche size and other factors
Symbiosis
43
Theory of evolution: Organisms change gradually but constantly over time to adjust to their environment
Gradualism
44
rules collectively stating ecosystems near the equator and closer to sea level are more diverse, abundant, and complex
Rapoport's Rule and Steven's Rule
45
(+, -); the host will die in a 2 part relationship (decapitating wasp and caterpillar)
Parasitoidism
46
meat-eating organisms (include insectivores, rodentivores, piscivores)
carnivores
47
Avg. Temp: 60-70, extremes from -25 to 125 (hot) / 45, extremes from -45 to 80 (cold)
Desert
48
Names for parasitism inside and outside the body of the host, respectively
Endoparasitism and Ectoparasitism
49
species will pick mates with more desirable traits, leading to those traits increasing in the population
Sexual Selection
50
during the transformational process, some energy will be lost, typically in a dispersed form (heat)
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
51
Rate of economic development where developing nations are allowed to develop at their own pace
Controlled Pace
52
2 features leaves have to drain water in Tropical Rainforests
Drip-tips and split leaves
53
(+, -); unlike predation, this doesn't involve one organism killing another
Parasitism
54
The set and range of conditions in an ecosystem that an organism can survive in
Range of Tolerance
55
Contains low soil nutrient levels, abundance, biodiversity, but similar minerals to it's counterpart
Coniferous forest
56
species that can live in a wide array of characteristics and only live in specific conditions, respectively
Generalist and Specialist species
57
model that represents the number and total mass of different trophic levels in an ecosystem and is equivalent to the pyramid of numbers
Pyramid of biomass
58
Body form found in some desert organisms where blood vessels are near the surface so heat can be exchanged with the outside
Thermal windows
59
(0, 0) interaction where two species don't affect each other
Neutralism
60
Biome found near the equator where animals have adaptations to avoid the effects of toxins in tree leaves
Tropical Rainforest
61
Avg. Temp 50-52, extremes from -50 to 110
Deciduous forest
62
group within a species having a distinctive appearance that is often deliberately selected
Breed
63
predators are less likely to kill prey with better traits, so those traits will increase
Predator Selection
64
(+, +); has facultative (optional) and obligate (required for survival) types
Mutualism
65
energy can be transferred from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed
Law of Conservation of Energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
66
Avg. Temp: -18, with extremes from -94 to 75
Tundra
67
principle stating that organisms have the ability to to obtain resources in a way that avoids direct contact/competition
Lotka-Volterra Principle of Resource Partitioning
68
when evolution causes a characteristic in a population to move in many directions
Disruptive Impact
69
Avg. Precipitation: 50-260 in (dry-ish summer and monsoon winter)
Tropical Rainforest
70
area where multiple biomes intersect
Ecotone
71
Theory of evolution: the most genetically fit organisms will pass their genes to the most offspring, thus creating a population of more fit organisms
Natural Selection
72
Scientist who along with others created the theory of natural selection, variations expected (mutations), unequal survival and reproduction, inheritance of parental traits, and extinction
Charles Darwin
73
Trees in this biome have thick, rough bark, acidic sap, grass stage in youth, and waxy cuticle
Coniferous forest
74
conditions in which a species will probably die
Deviant region
75
Ecosystems use solar radiation as their source of energy
1st Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability
76
meat and plant eating, can be subdivided based on timing (seasonal vs. full time)
omnivores
77
(+, -) an animal captures, kills, and eats another animal (energy transfer)
Predation
78
principle stating that organisms competing for the same resource in the same habitat will not continuously/stably coexist (one will leave, die, or change)
Gause's Principle of Competitive Exclusion
79
Conditions in which an organism has the highest rate of survival
Optimum range
80
Avg. Temp: 79, with extremes from 68-93
Tropical Rainforest
81
Rate of economic development where developed nations withhold technology from developing nations
Uncontrolled Pace (Natural)
82
Melting permafrost has created many of these in tundras
Sinkholes
83
Dormancy during the summer, as opposed to hibernation
Aestivation
84
disturbance to the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
Trophic cascade
85
Theory of evolution: Organisms that share similar physical features likely have a common ancestor from which they descended
Common Descent
86
Avg. Precipitation: 6-10 in, extremes from 0.1-15 in (most comes in monsoon season in winter)
Desert
87
Type of wetland that forms when soil deep underground stays frozen year-round, and new water is trapped on the surface
Permafrost
88
Avg. Precipitation: 10-30 in, extremes from 5-60 in (mostly snow during winter)
Grasslands
89
feed on detritus but process it externally and absorb nutrients they need
Decomposers
90
biome containing cone-bearing plants
Coniferous forest
91
living and non-living components of an ecosystem, respectively
Biotic and Abiotic factors
92
species that plays a vitally important role in an ecosystem
Keystone species
93
Avg. Temp, 15 with extremes from -40 to 100
Grasslands
94
Theory of evolution: process that happens through speciation, by breaking off a population from an existing species, reproductively isolating them, and allowing them to evolve into a new species
Multiplication of species
95
Biome that is declining due to subsistence farming, corporate farming, foreign food production, bushmeat harvest, trophy harvest, and pet/ornamental harvest
Tropical Rainforest
96
Strata in a desert
None
97
Rate of economic development where developed nations give everything to developing nations
Leap-frogging
98
Biome with hot and cold, and rocky and sandy classifications
Desert
99
biome that is like a desert but has abundant water in the summer
Tundra
100
glucose + oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
Respiration
101
Avg. Precipitation: 6-10 in (almost entirely snow; most is in winter)
Tundra
102
everywhere on the planet that can support life
biosphere
103
Deciduous forest strata
4; Canopy, Understory, Shurb, Herb/Floor
104
feed on detritus (dead and decomposing organic material) and process it internally
Detritivores
105
"short-lived" plants that have a brief active period
Ephemerals
106
When humans pick what traits are desirable and let individuals with those traits survive and mate
Artificial Selection
107
biome where grass is a dominant species, there are tropical and temperate types
Grasslands
108
A change in the frequency of heritable traits
Evolution
109
biome that occurs on all 7 continents where the ground is seasonally flooded
Wetlands
110
Avg. Temp: 13, extremes from -65 to 100 (short, cool summer and long, cold winter)
Coniferous forest
111
closely related enough to produce viable offspring
species
112
(-, -) set of interactions between two species to get a limited resources; can be intraspecific (members of same species) or interspecific (members of different species)
Competition
113
when the offspring of crossbreeding parents is larger than both parents
Hybrid Vigor
114
Theory of evolution: the environment is constantly, but very gradually changing
Perceptual Change
115
Organisms that are able to manufacture their own food from elemental materials
Autotrophs
116
Organisms that must rely on other organisms as their source of energy. They consume other organisms, or their parts/byproducts
Heterotrophs
117
(+, 0); robin benefits from putting nest in yew tree, yew tree is unaffected
Commensalism
