Exam 1 Zoology Flashcards
(91 cards)
0
Q
Clade definition
A
An evolutionary group consisting of an ancestral species and all it’s descendants.
1
Q
Synapomorphy (shared derived characteristic)
A
Innovation that has evolved only once
2
Q
Sponge symmetry
A
Lacks well defined symmetry
3
Q
Radial symmetry
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Any cut through the central axis produces two equal halves.
E.g. Sea anemones
4
Q
Bilateral symmetry
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Right and left halves along sagittal plane
E.g. Insects, vertebrates
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Q
Radial animal tissues
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2 germ layers (diploblastic)
- endoderm, ectoderm
- no organs
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Q
Bilateral animal tissues
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3 germ layers (triploblastic)
- endo,meso,ectoderm layers
- organs and sometimes organ systems
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Q
Advantage bilateral symmetry has over radial symmetry
A
More directional
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Q
Acocelomate
A
Having no body cavity
E.g flatworms
9
Q
Pseudocolomate
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Has a space within
E.g. Nematodes
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Q
Coelomate
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Has a body cavity, a space within the cavity
Organs suspended by mesodermal membrane called mesentary (has blood vessels)
E.g. Annelids, mollusks, vertebrates
11
Q
Spiralian protostome development
A
- spiral cleavage
- determinate development
- mouth first
12
Q
Deuterostome development
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- radial cleavage
- indeterminate development
- anus first
13
Q
Segmentation advantages
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-Redundancy of organs
-flexibility; improved locomotion
Underlies organization of complex animals
14
Q
Choanocytes
A
Flagellated cells that draw water through the pore cells and trap food in collar.
In sponges
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Q
Amoebocytes
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Undifferentiated cells
In sponges
16
Q
Spicules are made from
A
Calcium carbonate or silica
Provide differentiation in sponges
17
Q
Phylum Porifera
A
The sponges
- choanocytes, amoebocytes, and spicules (basic structure)
- mass of cells with gelatinous matrix
- no tissues, but cells are specialized
- no defined symmetry
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Q
Parazoans
A
Phylum Porifera
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Q
Radiate Eumetazoans
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(Multicellular animals)
Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Ctenophora
- diploblastic
- tissues, no organs
- radial symmetry
20
Q
Phylum Cnidaria
A
Class Hydrozoa, class Scyphozoa, class Anthozoa
2 body forms:
Medusa-mouth downward, free swimming
Polyp-mouth upright, base attached to substrate
Tentacles-house stinging cells called cnidocytes. Contains stinging organelles called nematocysts.
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Q
Class Hydrozoa
A
Polyp & medusa stage
Polyp stage is colonial & members of the colony exhibited specialization.
E.g., Portuguese Man-of-War
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Q
Class Anthozoa
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Polyp stage only.
E.g., sea anemones & corals
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Q
Sea Anemones
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- solitary, sessile predators
- anchored to substrate
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Corals
- mostly colonial
- stony corals secrete exoskeletons of calcium carbonate
- reef building corals have a my biotic relationship with algae (zooanthellae)
- increase of water temp causes coral bleaching
- increase of co2 leads to lower ocean pH, calcium carbonate becomes less available for corals.
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Gorgonians secrete
Flexible rod-like structures to support polyps
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Phylum Ctenophora
- cilia for movement
- no nematocysts
- nature of symmetry and tissues is unclear
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What determines how an animal is organized?
Type of body cavity
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Ecdysozoa don't have
Spiral cleavage,
| They molt
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
- Spiralia
- evidence of specialization
- no circulatory system
- asexual or sexual (most are hermaphroditic)
- digestive system incomplete or absent
- excretion through flame cells and network of tubules
- cerebrial ganglion with longitudinal nerve cords
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Protostomes are divided into these 2 clades:
Spiralia and ecdysozoa
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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) classes:
Turbellarians
| Neodermata
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Turbellarians
"Free-living flatworm"
- water species
- incomplete digestive system with 3 branches
- eye spots
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Neodermata
"Parasitic flatworms"
| Trematoda & cercomerorpha
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Trematoda
(Flukes)
-parasitic, mostly endoparasitic
-specialized; penetration glands, hooks and suckers, increased reproductive capacity
-complex life cycle with intermediate hosts (snails)
Ex. Clonorchis (oriental liver fluke)
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Schistosoma
Blood flukes
- similar life cycle to liver flukes except cercaria penetrate directly into human host
- adults reside in blood vessels associated with intestines or bladder
- can cause ulceration, bleeding pain, fluid in abdominal cavity
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Cercomeromorpha
Tapeworms
- endoparasitic
- no digestive system
- long flat bodies with serial segments called proglottids
- absorbs food from host
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Phylum Nematoda
- cylindrical, unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom
- no circular muscles, possess longitudinal muscles
- ubiquitous; includes parasitic & free-living forms
- grow via molting
- many are parasitic
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Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-segmentation
- some have repeated, similar segments
| - most have segments arranged in specialized functional groups called tagmata (spiders have 2, insects have 3)
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Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-exoskeleton
- composed of chitin, a N-containing polysaccharide.
- provides surface for muscle attachment
- protects against water loss and injury
- molting required for growth
- imposes size limits
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Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-jointed appendages
Joints serve as a fulcrum for increased leverage (strong forces can be exerted)
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Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-open circulatory system
- blood pumped through body cavity (hemocoel)
- blood goes through body cavity and into heart through holes, pumps through the body, back into cavity, then repeats
- less efficient than humans, o2 & co2 are not transported in blood
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Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-respiratory system
- insects and most spiders have a tracheal system
- most crustaceans have gills
- many spiders have book lungs (absorbs o2)
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Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-nervous system
- 2 stranded ventral nerve cord (brain just turns ganglia on and off)
- brain inhibits rather than stimulates activity of ganglia
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Phylum Arthropoda
Key features
-excretory systems
-mini hairs in the malgigthian tubules filters blood. (Analog of kidney)
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Amphibian key features
- legs
- lungs (in most)
- cutaneous respiration (supplemental lungs)
- double loop blood circulation (systemic and pulmonary flow)
- 3 chambered heart (ventricle has no division)
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What fossil did amphibians evolve from?
Ancestral lobe-finned fish, fossil tiktaalik 'intermediate between fish and amphibians'
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Chelicerates
Spiders, daddy long legs, mites & ticks.
- 2 tagmata (cephalothorax & abdomen)
- first tagma bears pair of chelicerae, a pair of pedipalps, 4 pairs walking legs
- no antennae; no mandibles
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Spiders
- predators, venom injected by fangs on chelicerae.
- silk is silk spun from spinnarets on abnomen
- some ambush prey
- hobo spider and black widow in idaho
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Daddy long-legs
- abdomen & thorax broadly joined
| - not venomous
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Mites & ticks
- cephalothorax and abdomen fused
- ticks are parasites, mites are free living or parasitic
- vectors of disease
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Scorpions
- short cephalothorax, wide pre-abdomen, narrow post-abdomen
| - stinger with neurotoxin
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Crustaceans
-mainly aquatic
-mandibulate (chewing) mouth parts
-two pairs antennae
-appendages on abdomen as well as thorax
E.g., copepods, decapods, barnacles, Isopods
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4 types of crustaceans
-copepods, decapods, barnacles, Isopods
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Myriapods
Chilopods & Diplopods
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Chilopods
Centipedes
- flattened
- 1 pair legs per segment
- fangs (modified legs) inject poison
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Diplopods
Millipedes
- cylindrical
- 2 pairs of legs per segment
- scavengers
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Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea
- bilateral symmetric larvae; pentaradial adults
- water-vascular system
- nerve ring with 3 layers, no brain
- epidermis over endoskeleton of ossicles
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Class Asteroidea
Sea stars
- central disk merges gradually with arms
- mouth & anus
- tube feet with suckers; movement and suckers
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Class Ophiuroidea
Brittle stars
- very mobile; pull themselves along substrates
- mouth, but no anus (food goes back up through mouth)
- tube feet lack suckers; used for feeding
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Class Echinoidea
Urchins and sand dollars
- 5 body part plan
- tube feet
- spines
- hectaradial symmetry
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Class Holothuroidea
Sea cucumbers
- lack arms
- bilateral symmetry
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Class Crinoidea
- Sea lilies swim
| - feather star sessile
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Phylum Chordata
| Features (4)
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- notochord (flexible rod)
- pharyngeal gill slits
- postanal tail
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Non-vertebrate Chordates
```
Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)
Subphylum cephalochordata
```
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Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates
- sessile marine organisms
- only larval form shows chordate hallmarks
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Subphylum vertebrata
Features
-development of vertebrae
Vertebral column replaces notochord (in most)
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Subphylum vertebrata
Features
Cranium encases ______
Brain
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Subphylum vertebrata
Features
-neural crest
- neural crest cells are embryonic cells that develop at the crest of the neural tube
- contribute to development of many vertebrate structures
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Subphylum vertebrata
Features
_____ circulation & complex internal ______ organ system
Closed, complex
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Subphylum vertebrata
Key features
-endoskeleton
- allows for continuous growth
- framework for muscle attachment
- increased body size
- made from cartilage (grows faster) or bone
- bone is a reservoir for phosphate. Energy for Krebs cycle
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Features of fish
- vertebral column (in most)
- jaws and paired appendages (in most)
- internal gills
- Single loop blood circulation
- nutritional deficiencies
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In all vertebrates, fish are unable to synthesize certain _____
Amino acids
| -fish aquire from their food
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Pharyngeal gill slits graduated from filter feeding apparatus to _______(gills)
Gas exchange
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Gas exchange gill advantages
- increase aerobic capacity allowed for increased size capacity
- predatory lifestyles necessitated the advance of sensory systems and motor control
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Jaws arose from modifications to _____
Gill arches
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Agnathans
(Jawless fishes)
- class myxini: hagfishes
- class cephalospidomorphi: lampreys
- cartilaginous skeleton
- no jaws, paired fins, or scales
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Class myxini
Hagfishes
- cranium, but no vertebrae
- notochord persists for support
- nearly blind
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Class cephalospidomorphi
Lampreys
- cranium, plus rudimentary vertebrae in places around notochord
- pore-like gill slits
- parasitic and non parasitic forms
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Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fishes
- sharks, rays and skates, chimaeras
- cartilaginous skeleton strengthened by granules of calcium carbonate
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Shark features
- endoskeleton made from cartilage
- teeth derived from scales, loosely positioned, replaced on 'conveyor belt'
- predators
- nictitating membrane
- ampullae and lorenzini
- 5-7 pairs of gills
- no muscular operculum
- sleep without moving
- buoyancy mechanisms
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Shark feature
| -ampullae and lorenzini
-detects bioelectric fields
| Bioelectric field surrounds all animals. Sharks detect movement.
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Shark features
| -buoyancy mechanisms
- lateral line sensitive to vibrations in H2O
- oil filled lived used for buoyancy
- heterocercal tail
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Bony fishes
| -ossification
- Ossification: cartridge replaced by bone
- evolutionary leap in bony fish and their tetrapod descendants
- bone is heavier and stronger than cartilage
- stores phosphate
- preadaption for life on land
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Bony fish
| -gills
- muscular operculum covering gills
| - gill rakers protect gill filaments and filter food particles
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Bony fishes
| -buoyancy and lateral line
- buoyancy is controlled by an exchange of gases between swim bladder and blood
- lateral line for detecting pressure waves (vibrations)
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Bony fish classes
```
Class actinopterygii (Ray finned fish)
Class sarcopterygii (lobed finned fish)
```
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Class actinopterygii
Ray finned fishes
- bony rays support and stiffen fins
- fins moved by muscle
- chondrosteans & neopteryhians
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Chondrosteans
Sturgeons, paddlefish
- ancient species
- some ossification
- cartilaginous
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Neopteryhians
Most are teleosts
- move by muscles in body
- also includes bowfins and guards
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Class sarcopterygii
Lobe finned fishes
- fin rays emerge from muscular lobes supported supported by bones
- evolved 400 mya
- 6 lungfish species, 2 coelacanth species
- lungfish posses lungs, can't survive without water
