Exam Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Mahlers object relations theory
A
Infants are psychologically merged with their mother
2
Q
Kohuts self psychology
A
Humans have narcissistic needs that are satisfied by other people - self objects
3
Q
Mirroring
A
Positive attention from others - needed to be balanced
Too much or too little can cause problems
4
Q
There is an increasing interest in the idea that infant attachment patterns persist and influence ____ _____
A
Adult personality
5
Q
Lifespan development theory that a crisis from infancy to late adulthood creates ‘ego strengths’ that influence ones ego identity
A
Erik Erickson
6
Q
A theorist who suggested that pathological narcissism stems from inadequate childhood mirroring
A
Kohut
7
Q
Insecure attachment seems to create a risk for ___
A
Depression
8
Q
What theorist said ‘early recollections are the most trustworthy way of exploring personality because they often encapsulate a persons life them or script
A
Alfred Adler
9
Q
What personality sees personality as intrinsically social
A
Psychosocial perspective
10
Q
The need to be effective or successful in dealing with the environment
A
Competence motivation
11
Q
The need to have an impact on the environment
A
Effectance motivation
12
Q
The extent to which a person controls or inhibits impulses
A
Ego control
13
Q
The overall sense of self that emerges from your transactions with social reality
A
Ego identity
14
Q
The quality that becomes part of your personality through successful management of a crisis
A
Ego quality
15
Q
The idea that an internal plan for future development is present at the beginning of life
A
Epigenesis
16
Q
A feeling that you are deficient in some way
A
Feelings of inferiority
17
Q
The idea that developmental processes continue throughout life
A
Life-span development
18
Q
The giving of positive attention and supportiveness to someone
A
Mirroring
19
Q
A sense of grandiose self-importance and entitlement
A
Narcissism
20
Q
A story you compose for yourself about life to create a coherent sense of identity
A
Narrative
21
Q
An individuals symbolised relations to other persons
A
Object relations
22
Q
The use of play as a procedure for conducting therapy with children
A
Play therapy
23
Q
In object relations theories the object refers to ___
A
A person
24
Q
Many neoanalytic theories emphasised the ___ of the ___
A
Importance
Ego
25
A period in which an infant experiences fusion with the mother
Symbiosis
26
```
People with ambivalent attachment report falling in love
. Is almost impossible
. Takes a lot of work
. Is easy and can happen at first sight
. Is a waste of time
```
Is easy and can happen at first sight
27
Unlike Freud, Erickson believed that personality development:
. Proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages for everyone
. Continues to evolve throughout life
. Is divided into the id, ego and superego
Continues to evolve throughout life
28
Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioural problems to difficulties in ___
Relationships
29
Who are dollard and Miller?
Behavioural theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviourist framework
30
Awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a sense of:
Angst
31
People who appear temperamental and ruthless are
Self-actualisers
32
According to Maslows hierarchy, the correct order of needs is
```
Physiological
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-actualisation
```
33
People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically interesting. Such activities are said to be
Self-determined
34
In Rogers view, people have a strong need to experience ___, which is the respect, love and friendship of others
Positive regard
35
Why is modelling effective at producing behaviour change, according to Bandura?
The person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy
36
Which of the following is most important to assess the social-cognitive learning perspective?
Self-report measures
37
Occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person
Vicarious emotional arousal
38
Thorndikes law of effect
Behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated
39
The term ‘instrument conditioning’ is often used interchangeably with the term...
Operant conditioning
40
Higher Oder conditioning
A CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning
41
Classical conditioning
Requires that the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively
42
Locus of control
The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
43
____’s social learning theory states that behaviour is determined by the way an individual and their personality reacts to his or her environment.
Rotter
44
Learning occurs when we observe other people and model their behaviour
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
45
Who is linked to observational learning, Bono dolls & social-cognitive theory
Bandura
46
Who developed ‘client-centered’ therapy?
Carl Rogers
47
What theorists believes..
An individual who comes in for therapy is not a patient but a client, who has the capacity to grow. The only way the client, which is based on respect and empathy
Carl Rogers
| Humanistic theory
48
Which humanistic psychologist developed a pyramid representing hierarchy of human needs
Abraham Maslow
49
Existential psychology
A branch of humanistic psychology, that studies how individuals respond to the basic philosophical issues of life, such as death, meaning, freedom and isolation
50
When laypersons use the term personality, they generally refer to ___ whereas when personality psychologists use the term, they generally refer to ___
Specific traits of particular people
| Abstract concepts about personality
51
A good personality theory should be
Testable
52
_____ believed that temperament or personality was related to the relative balance of the four physical humours of the body: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm (sanguine, choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic
Hippocrates and Galen
53
Classical conditioning requires
The organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively
54
Before conditioning occurs, a(n) ____ produces a(n) ____
US
| UR
55
Conditioning occurs when a(n) ____ is paired with a(n)____
CS
| US
56
When the unconditional stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are paired frequently, the conditioned stimulus acquires the ability to:
Produce a conditioned response
57
The ___ and the ___ will generally have the same pleasant or unpleasant qualities
UR
| CR
58
To be sure classical conditioning has occurred:
Present the CS without the US and see if a response occurs
59
When a CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning. This is called:
Higher-order conditioning
60
Cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy are often given a distinctive food before the chemotherapy. By doing this doctors can:
Prevent the conditioning of aversions to other foods
61
Generalisation occurs when
A person responds similarly to slightly different stimuli
62
A child who has been conditioned to fear dogs after having been knocked down by one begins to show the same fear around cats. This is an example of:
Generalisation
63
After a CS has been conditioned to produce a CR, it is possible to substitute a different but similar CS which will produce the same CR. This is called
Generalisation
64
In the context of conditioning, discrimination refers to responding
Differently to different stimuli
65
When a CS is presented repeatedly without the US
Extinction occurs
66
Spontaneous recovery refers to the
Reappearance of a CR after it has apparently disappeared
67
Research pairing political slogans with positive, negative or neutral stimuli has suggested people’s liking for slogans could
Be either increased or decreased
68
Conditioning in which the reflexive reactions elicit positive or negative feelings is called
Emotional conditioning
69
___ helps to produce a persons likes and dislikes, preferences and biases
Emotional conditioning
70
The term instrumental conditioning is often used interchangeably with the term ___
Operant conditioning
71
True or false
| Instrumental conditioning is active, whereas classical conditioning is passive
True
72
Thorndikes law of effect states that
Behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated
73
Miller and Dollards habit hierarchy derived from
Prior conditioning
74
In instrumental conditioning, a ____ is anything that strengthens a behavioural tendency
Reinforcer
75
Primary reinforcers..
Reduce biological needs
76
```
In object relations theories, the 'object' refers to:
. intrinsic goals
. the ego
. a person
. lifelong patterns
```
a person
77
```
Many neoanalytic theories emphasised:
. that there is no merit to traditional Freudian ideas
. the importance of the superego
. sexual functioning
. the important of the ego
```
the important of the ego
78
```
According to Mahler, a child will experience ___ when the movement away from symbiosis occurs too quickly
. insecure attachment
. basic anxiety
. separation anxiety
. separation-individuation
```
separation anxiety
79
People with ambivalent attachment report that falling in love:
. is almost impossible
. takes a lot of work
. is easy and can happen 'at first sight'
. is a waste of time
is easy and can happen 'at first sight'
80
Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development:
. proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages that everyone experiences
. continues to evolve throughout life
. is divided into the id, ego and superego
. none of these options
continues to evolve throughout life
81
```
Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioural problems to difficulties in:
. resolving id-superego conflicts
. the development of a conscience
. relationships
. learning
```
relationships
82
Classical conditioning requires
. a conditioned response to a certain class of stimuli
. the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively
. reinforcement of a specific response behaviour
. all of these options
the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively
83
```
When a CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning. This is called:
. secondary conditioning
. tertiary conditioning
. higher-order conditioning
. operant conditioning
```
higher-order conditioning
84
```
The term 'instrumental conditioning' is often used interchangeably with the term:
. classical conditioning
. pavlovian conditioning
. operant conditioning
. classical learning
```
operant conditioning
85
Thorndike's law of effect states that:
. people learn more efficiently than rats
. learning cannot occur in a single trial
. learning is quickly forgotten if the relevant situation is not re-experienced
. behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated
behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated
86
Vicarious emotional arousal:
. occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person
. occurs when you feel guilty for an imagined transgression
. is the same as sympathy
. none of these options
occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person
87
```
Which of the following is most important to assessment from the social-cognitive learning perspective?
. behavioural observation
. measures of generalised tendencies
. self-report measures
. objective definitions of situations
```
self-report measures
88
Why is modelling effective at producing behaviour change, according to Bandura?
. the model receives rewards
. the person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy
. the person is learning needed skills
. the person is exposed to what he/she fears
the person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy
89
```
In Roger's view, people have a strong need to experience ____, which is the respect, love and friendship of others.
. positive reinforcement
. conditional acceptance
. positive regard
. expectancies worth
```
positive regard
90
Conditions of worth and conditional regard have the effect of:
. making people depressed
. making people anxious
. altering behaviour to fit in with the desires of others
. facilitating a persons goal of self-actualisation
altering behaviour to fit in with the desires of others
91
```
People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically interesting. Such activities are said to be:
. self-determined
. self-rationalised
. self-actualised
. explicitly motivated
```
self-determined
92
According to Maslow's hierarchy, the correct order of needs, beginning with the most basic is:
. physiological - love - safety - esteem - self-actualisation
. physiological - esteem - safety - love - self-actualisation
. physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation
. physiological - safety - esteem - love - self-actualisation
physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation
93
self-actualisers tend to:
. appreciate results rather than the process of doing things
. form deep ties with many people
. at times appear temperamental and ruthless
. all of these options
at times appear temperamental and ruthless
94
```
According to existential psychologists, awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a sense of:
. reactance
. angst
. existential guilt
. wish fulfillment
```
angst
95
One assumption of the cognitive perspective is that:
. all decisions are unconscious
. all decisions are conscious
. most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious
. most decisions are conscious, but some are unconscious
most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious
96
```
Kelly viewed people as implicit
. scientists
. artists
. altruists
. all of these options
```
scientists
97
One consequence of the use of a schema is:
. easier coding of new material
. improved memory for randomly selected details
. improved reading ability
. greater intelligence
easier coding of new material
98
A self-schema:
. makes it easier to remember things consistent with it
. is small, simple and efficient
. has fewer emotional elements than other schema
. all of these options
makes it easier to remember things consistent with it
99
```
The process of judging the cause of an event is called:
. attribution
. construal
. primary appraisal
. secondary appraisal
```
attribution
100
```
Dual-process researchers talk about people having:
. automatic and implicit knowledge
. implicit and explicit knowledge
. certain and uncertain knowledge
. all of these options
```
implicit and explicit knowledge
101
```
To assess the conditions and emotions that accompany a wide range of naturally-occurring events, the best cognitive assessment technique would be:
. think-aloud protocols
. retrospective thought listing
. experience sampling
. reconstructive thought protocols
```
experience sampling
102
Which of the following criticisms has been levelled at the cognitive approach to personality?
. it has generated very little empirical research
. it is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong
. it is too rooted in Freud's psychoanalytic theory
. all of these options
it is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong
103
In order to obtain a full account of psychological individuality, the personality psychologist needs to:
. examine the persona patterning of dispositional traits
. characteristic adaptions
. integrative life stories
. all of these options
all of these options
104
```
In the paradigmatic mode, we look for ___ relationships
. cause and effect
. personal
. impersonal
. educational
```
cause and effect
105
```
Which of the following is not an example of good narrative form?
. coherence
. credibility
. openness
. conflict
```
conflict
106
What is causation?
Action A causes outcome B
107
What is correlation?
a relationship
108
To be sure classical conditioning has occurred
. present the CS without the US and see if a response occurs
. check for the similarity between the CR and the UR
. Ask the subject if they remember the US
. none of the above
present the CS without the US and see if a response occurs
109
```
In the context of conditioning, discrimination refers to responding?
. similarly to different stimuli
. differently to different stimuli
. similarly to similar stimuli
. differently to similar stimuli
```
differently to similar stimuli
110
Personality
patterns of feelings, thoughts and behaviour that set people apart from one another
111
psychoanalysis
founded by freud, emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts as determinants of human behaviour
112
ID
Psychoanalytic theory
| unconscious, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
113
Ego
Psychoanalytic theory
| conscious, controls behaviour
114
Superego
psychoanalytic theory
| moral side, provides standards for judgements
115
stages of psychosexual development - Freud
```
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
```
116
collective unconscious
store of human concepts
117
introversion
a tendency for a person to turn inwards
118
Psychoanalytic approach (genetics)
unconscious mind is responsible for important differences in behaviour styles
119
Trait approach (genetics)
An individual lies along a continuum of various personality characteristics
120
Biological approach (genetic)
Inherited predispositions and physiological processes contribute to differences in personality
121
Humanistic approach (environment)
Personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance cause differences in personality
122
Behavioural/Social learning approach (environment)
consistent behaviour patterns are the result of conditioning and expectations
123
Cognitive approach (environment)
People process information to explain differences in behaviour
124
Individualistic cultures
.emphasize on individual needs and accomplishments
| . perceive themselves as independent and unique
125
Collectivist cultures
.emphasize on belonging to a larger group
| . family, nation very important
