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1
Q

Define culture

A

The various beliefs, attitudes, shared traits or behaviours within a given group of people

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2
Q

Define ethnicity

A

the act of belonging to a specific group that share common things such as behaviour, religion or values

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3
Q

Define cultural diversity

A

The idea that within a society, there are always going to be many different cultural groups that exist

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4
Q

Define cultural competence

A

A persons awareness and understanding across various cultures and their ability to develop positive attitudes towards them

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5
Q

Define unconscious bias

A

the social stereotypes that are formed about certain groups of people within by an individual unconciously

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6
Q

Why do nurses need to control their unconscious bias?

A

Because being judgemental can cause a patient to feel unwelcome. They need to portray a non judgemental attitude to all patients

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7
Q

what are 5 observable and 5 non observable characteristics of cultural iceberg

A

observable:
- language
-dress
- appearance
- flags
- traditions/holidays
non observable:
- religious practices
- personal beliefs
- role in family
- sexual identity
- body language

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8
Q

What does a culturally competent healthcare system look like?

A

Multicultural staff, non judgemental, accepting staff, best practice and regular training

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9
Q

define vulnerable populations

A

some populations are considered vulnerable because they are “disadvantaged” compared to other in a community

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10
Q

what are 5 vulnerable populations

A
  • age (children, elderly)
  • socioeconomic (homelessness, poverty )
  • gender (LGBTQI community)
  • disability - (mental/physical disability)
  • women (gender)
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11
Q

what role do nurses play in vulnerable populations?

A

nurses need to be culturally competent and treat every patient equally regardless of their situation to achieve the best outcome

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12
Q

define refugee

A

someone who has been forced to flee their own country because of persecution, war or violence

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13
Q

define asylum seeker

A

someone who has fled their own country and apply to the government of another country for protection, but it has not yet been verified

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14
Q

what are some population health indicators

A

life expectancy
crude death rate
disability adjusted life years
alcohol related indicators

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15
Q

why are vulnerable populations considered vulnerable

A

mostly related to the SDH; The components of the SDH make up a persons life, therefore if these are low, they are going to be considered vulnerable

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16
Q

example of a vulnerable population and WHY

A

homeless people have less access to adequate amount of food and clean water and shelter, therefore their health is compromised as a result

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17
Q

define incidence

A

the rate at which a disease is spreading in a population

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18
Q

define prevalence

A

the number of cases of a disease present in a population at a given time

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19
Q

what are the 10 social determinants of health

A 
the social gradient 
stress
early life
social exclusion 
work
unemployment 
social support
addiction
food
transport
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20
Q

define health inequalities

A

are the differences in health status between population groups e.g.. white Aussies vs indigenous

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21
Q

how do SDH affect health inequalities

A

poorer social/economic circumstances = greater risk of poor health = higher rates of illness, disability = live shorter lives than those who are not vulnerable

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22
Q

what are some Australian health inqualities

A 
social gradients (increased income = increased health)
life expectancy (white Aussies vs. indigenous )
children (decreased income=affects them through education food etc
rural vs metropolitan (less access to fresh foods)
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23
Q

what are sustainable development goals

A

a universal plea to put in the work to end poverty, protect the planet and to improve the standard of living around the world

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24
Q

what are SDH

A

the conditions in which people live, work and play. a group of conditions which are formed by the distribution of money, power and resources at all levels of government

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25
what do SDH have to do with nurses/midwives
they tell a nurse vital information about the conditions in which people live and how they are shaped, so they can adapt their care for the specific patient
26
what are 5 examples of sustainable development goals
- no poverty - good health/wellbeing - zero hunger - quality education - gender equality
27
how do SDG's relate to global health
many overseas countries have issues with almost all of the SDH's. many diseases/poor health outcomes are caused by inequities of the SDH
28
define public health
acts to prevent disease, prolong life and promote physical health through the organised efforts of organisations, public/private communities and individuals. PROTECT, PROMOTE, PREVENT
29
what are some examples of public health
``` alcohol pregnancy warning labels indigenous health education cancer screening immunisations seatbelt laws ```
30
what is global health
understanding healthcare in an international context | STUDY, RESEARCH AND PRACTICE to improve the lives of people worldwide
31
what is epidemiology
deals with the study of incidence, distribution and possible control of diseases and other health related factors
32
what are the 3 components of public health
PROMOTE good health PREVENT disease PROTECT the population from poor health outcomes
33
define globalisation
movement across national boundaries of people, ideas, money, goods and services which results in the world becoming more politically, economically and culturally interdependent
34
how does globalisation affect health
increased technology = increased mental health increased fast food = poorer health outcomes increased trade = increased work opportunities
35
what are some positives of globalisation
increased technology increased culture growth increased mobility
36
what are some negatives of globalisation
increased infectious diseases increased terrorism increased damaging food (trade)
37
define communicable / infectious disease
those that can be transmitted from person to person e.g.. influenza, malaria, HIV/AIDS, Covid 19
38
define non communicable diesease
those that cannot be transmitted from person to person eg. cancer, diabetes, heart attack, stroke
39
describe the mode of transmission of communicable diseases
microorganism is able to leave the body of the infected, enter the person/animal and the second person must be susceptible
40
differentiate between direct and indirect contact
direct is through droplets, headline whereas indirect is through food and water borne
41
what are the determinants of non communicable diseases
BIOMEDICAL: BP, cholesterol, obesity BEHAVIOURAL: poor nutrition, inactivity, smoking SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL: SDH
42
what does R0 (naught) represent
how infectious a disease is. represents how many people it infects per case (in another person)
43
what are public health interventions for communicable diseases?
surveillance (monitor disease trends and global health trends ) contact tracing vaccination
44
define mortality rate
measure of the rate at which deaths occur in a population
45
define morbidity rate
is having a disease or symptom of a disease or the amount of disease within a population
46
define hyperendemic
persistent, high levels of disease occurrence
47
define endemic disease
the amount of a particular disease that is usually present within a community
48
define epidemic disease
widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
49
define pandemic disease
worldwide spread of a new disease
50
define sporadic disease
refers to disease that occurs irregularly and infrequently
51
define co epidemic
arises when the spread of one infectious disease stimulates the spread of another infectious disease
52
define infection control
describes the systems, behaviours and structures that are designed to break the transmission of microorganisms from infected patients to unaffected people
53
define maternal mortality
the annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy
54
what are some public health interventions for non communicable diseases
prevention early detection/treatment integrated/coordinated care self management
55
define climate change
is the increases in green house gas emissions secondary to human activity that have led to long term changes on the planet
56
how does the environment affect human health
through the water we drink, the air we breath, the food we have access to, control of infectious disease and protection from disaster
57
describe primary, secondary and tertiary effects
primary: extreme weather secondary: malnutrition, malaria tertiary: conflict and migration
58
define mitigation
aimed at tackling the causes and minimising the possible impacts of climate change
59
what are mitigation strategies for nurses
reducing waste preventative programs disease surveillance forecast future health risks
60
define adaptation
reducing something/ reducing the effect of something that has already happened
61
what are some nursing stratergies for adaptation
rostering on more staff in a heatwave | Being aware of the impacts fires, floods and drought can have on mental illness
62
how can we improve environmental sustainability in healthcare
leadership: prioritise environmental health as a strategic imperative chemicals: substitute harmful chemicals for safer alternatives buildings: support green and healthy hospital design
63
define health promotion
process of enabling people to take control over and improve their health to reach a state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing
64
what is included in the primary prevention stratergy
Avoid development of a disease, remove risk factors, avoid occurrence of poor health
65
what is included in the secondary prevention stratergy
early detection of treatment, prevent progression, detecting and curing before symptoms occur
66
what is included in tertiary prevention stratergy
reduce complications of established disease, disease has passed early stages
67
what are the 5 aspects of health promotion strategies
- build public policies that support health (easier access to healthy choices e.g.. smoking restrictions) - creating supportive environments (to increase the ability of people to make healthy choices e.g.. where people live work and play - strengthen community action (collective actions of communities to improve health e.g... fun runs) - reorienting health services (make health systems focus more on people e.g.. training doctors to educate people to stop smoking - developing personal skills (supporting personal and social development eg. access to websites)
68
what are the three health promotion strategies
ENABLE: giving all people the opportunity to achieve there own full health potential MEDIATE: reconcile own competing interests to promote/protect health ADVOCATE: advocacy for health systems to create the essential conditions for health
69
describe the three models of health promotion
BIOMEDICAL MODEL: addresses risky behaviours, healthy lifestyle (downstream) SOCIAL MODEL: broader social determinants of health (upstream) BEHAVIOURAL MODEL: promotion of healthy lifestyle (midstream)
70
what are the three approaches to health promotion
UPSTREAM: prevention at a national level MIDSTREAM: prevention at a local organisational level DOWNSTREAM: (curing) people who are already affected
71
define population screening
the identification of a disease in a population or group by tests, examinations, or other procedures applied quickly to a population
72
what is the difference between screening an diagnostic testing
screening is offered systematically to all individuals in an identified target group, cheap, simple diagnostic testing is offered to someone who shows symptoms of a disease, used to CONFIRM, expensive, invasive
73
what are the aims of population screening
to reduce the burden of disease, early intervention, and improving disease outcomes
74
what are the limitations of population screening
false positives false negatives overdiagnoses
75
what are 5 examples of Australian screening programs
- breast cancer screening australia - national cervical cancer screening - national bowel cancer screening - newborn bloodspot screening - prenatal screening
76
what are 5 screening reuqirements
- significant health problem - available/effective treatment - cost effective - recognisable/early symptoms - benefits outweigh harm
77
what is sensitivity
measures how often a test recognises a positive result for people who have the condition true positives/all with disease x100
78
what is specificity
measures how often a test recognises a negative result for people who do not have the disease
79
what are the 6 elements to a healthcare system
- leadership, management - finance - human resources - inventory (equipment etc) - infrastructure - intelligence
80
what is a healthcare system
all of the organisations, people and actions whose primary concern is to promote, restore or maintain health
81
what are the competing priorities of healthcare systems
- increasing rates of chronic disease requiring ONGOING healthcare to the individual - ageing population which naturally increases demand on healthcare services
82
what are the benefits of private health insurance
shorter waiting times, access to private treatment and choosing your doctor
83
what is primary healthcare
the first point of contact with the health system (community based) e.g.. community health centres, allied health practices
84
what is secondary healthcare
medical care provided by a specialist/facility upon referral by a primary care physician e.g.. physiotherapists, medical imaging, midwives
85
what is tertiary healthcare
specialised consultative care (usually for inpatients) e.g.. cancer management, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery
86
what is the difference in international healthcare systems
constant "tug of war" between meeting the increasing demands of the healthcare systems and reducing the rising cost of services e.g.. how well did each country deal with COVID19?
87
what is medicare ?
government system funded by taxation which covers the cost of public healthcare services including hospital care and some GP clinics
88
what is the medicare benefits schedule ?
is a list of all of the services that government has agreed to fund
89
what is the medicare safety net?
is for individuals who have increased regular medical needs. they are given a larger proportion of money to help with the cost of their condition
90
what is the pharmaceutical benefits schedule?
saves people money on medication. patients pay a proportion of the price and the government pays the rest
91
what is the PBS saftey net?
provided to patients who have increasing regular medication costs. they are given a larger proportion of money to help with their condition
92
who funds the healthcare system in australia?
``` general taxation medicare private health insurance out of pocket payments (patients) donations ```

NUR1111 (2 decks)

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