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exam Flashcards

1
Q

What group number are the following elements found?

a) Alkali metals
b) Alkali earth metals
c) Halogens
d) Nobel gases

A

a) 1
b) 2
c) 17
d) 18

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2
Q

why do atoms form chemical bonds

A

By forming chemical bonds, atoms achieve a noble gas configuration which is the most stable configuration.

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3
Q

ionic bond

A

a transfer of electrons to form anions and cations, typically between non-metals and metals

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4
Q

mettalic bond

A

valence electrons are lost to the sea of dissociated electrons, typically metal atoms

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5
Q

covalent bond

A

valence electrons are shared, typically between non-metallic atoms

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6
Q

Acid + base produce:

A

water + a salt

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7
Q

acid + carbonate produce:

A

carbon dioxide + water + a salt

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8
Q

acid + metal produce:

A

hydrogen gas + a salt

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9
Q

anion definition

A

a negatively charged ion

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10
Q

cation definition

A

a positively charged ion,

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11
Q

precipitate definiton

A

an insoluble solid that emerges from a liquid solution

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12
Q

finding number of moles?

A

mass / molar mass

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13
Q

finding mass of compound

A

number of moles x molar mass

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14
Q

role, structure and location of DNA

A

role: contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce
structure: double helix
location: cell nucleus

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15
Q

role, structure and location of RNA

A

role: to convert the information stored in DNA into proteins.
Structure: consists of ribose nucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds, forming strands of varying lengths
location: RNA forms in the nucleolus

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16
Q

allele definition

A

What is a simple definition of an allele?
An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene. An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that gene.

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17
Q

mitosis definition

A

Mitosis is a process of cell duplication, in which one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. In the various stages of mitosis, the cell’s chromosomes are copied and then distributed equally between the two new nuclei of the daughter cells.

18
Q

meiosis definition

A

Meiosis is the division of a germ cell into four sex cells (e.g. egg or sperm), each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

19
Q

homologous structures

A

The definition of a homologous structure is an organ or body part that appears in different animals and is similar in structure and location, but doesn’t necessarily share the same purpose. An example of a homologous structure is the human arm as compared to the wing on a bird.

20
Q

vestigial structure definition

A

Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor. Examples of vestigial structures include the human appendix, the pelvic bone of a snake, and the wings of flightless birds

21
Q

natural selection definition

A

Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. … Individuals with adaptive traits—traits that give them some advantage—are more likely to survive and reproduce.

22
Q

speciation definition

A

Speciation is a process within evolution that leads to the formation of new, distinct species that are reproductively isolated from one another.

23
Q

parallel evolution definition

A

Parallel evolution refers to the evolutionary process wherein two or more species in the same environment develop similar adaptation or characteristics.

24
Q

convergent evolution definition

A

occurs when two species from unrelated lines develop the same traits or features. This happens because they live in similar habitats, and have to develop solutions to the same kind of problems

25
Q

living fossil definition

A

an organism (such as a horseshoe crab or a ginkgo tree) that has remained essentially unchanged from earlier geologic times and whose close relatives are usually extinct.

26
Q

transitional fossil definition

A

a fossil that exhibits characteristics of both ancestral and derived forms

27
Q

coprolite definition

A

fossilized poo

28
Q

catalyst definition

A

any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being consumed. Enzymes are naturally occurring catalysts

29
Q

What reactants are required for a combustion reaction?

A

A combustion reaction always includes a hydrocarbon and oxygen as the reactants and always produces carbon dioxide and water as products.

30
Q

decomposition reaction definition

A

a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances

31
Q

displacement reaction definition

A

a type of reaction in which part of one reactant is replaced by another reactant.

(single: ab + c = ac + b)
(double: ab + cd = ac + bd)

32
Q

synthesis reaction definition

A

This type of reaction is represented by the general equation: A + B → AB. An example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) to produce sodium chloride (NaCl).

33
Q

neutralization reaction definition

A

when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt

34
Q

how to increase the rate of a chemical reaction

A

concentration
temperature
catalyst
surface area

35
Q

displacement definition

A

the straight line distance in a particular direction. It is a vector quantity and has a direction and magnitude.

36
Q

velocity defintion

A

the measurement of the rate and direction of change in position of an object. It is a vector quantity that specifies both the speed of a body and its direction of motion.

37
Q

acceleration definition

A

the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.

38
Q

inertia definition

A

a property of matter by which it remains at rest or in motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by some external force.

39
Q

newtons law #1

A

an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it.

40
Q

newtons law #2

A

the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.

41
Q

newtons law #3

A

for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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