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1
Q

cause of listonellosis

A

Listonella anguilarium

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2
Q

who gets listonella

A

Marine fish - European sea bass, trout, eel, gilt head sea bream

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3
Q

predisposition for listonellosis

A

sudden increase in temperature
stress
poor water quality
high stocking density

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4
Q

entry of listonella

A

through intestine or damaged skin and then septicaemia

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5
Q

peracute listonella

A

asymptomatic death
cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

acute-subacute listonella

A

haemorrhage on head, abdomen, fins and operculum
pale liver
enlarged spleen

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7
Q

chronic listonella

A

ulcers
corneal opacity
blindness

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8
Q

diagnosis of listonella

A

isolate from spleen or kidney

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9
Q

treatment of listonella

A

oxytetracycline, florfenicol
based on susceptibility testing

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10
Q

prevention of listonella

A

vaccine
probiotics
decrease stocking density

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11
Q

cold water vibriosis

A

Alivibrio salmonicida
in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout

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12
Q

listonella ordalli

A

in pacific salmon and rainbow trout

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13
Q

cause of aeromonas

A

aeromonas hydrophilia

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14
Q

cause of Pseduomonas

A

pseudomonas anguillispetica

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15
Q

who gets aeromonas and pseudomonas

A

aeromonas in freshwater fish
pseduoaeromonas in freshwater and marine fish

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16
Q

predisposing for aero/pseduomonas

A

they are secondary infections so other diseases

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17
Q

signs of aero/pseudomonas

A

hemorrhagic septicaemia

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18
Q

diagnosis pf aero/pseudomonas

A

isolate from kidney or spleen

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19
Q

treatment of aero/pseudomonas

A

antimicrobials in feed or inject the broodstock

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20
Q

columnaris also known as

A

saddleback disease

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21
Q

cause of columnaris

A

Flavobacterium columnare

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22
Q

who gets columnaris

A

all freshwater fish species

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23
Q

predisposing for columnaris

A

high temperature
poor water quality
stress

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24
Q

signs of columnaris

A

skin - increased mucus on head and body, grey circles with red edges
gills - white spots on filament tips
fins -lesions look like a saddle

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25
diagnosis of columnaris
lesions - yellow white exudate swab from lesions - columns of bacteria
26
treatment of columnaris
oxytetracycline, florfenicol, flumequine
27
prevention of columnaris
good husbandry
28
when do carp naturally spawn
1x/year in May/June 17-20degrees
29
carp sexual maturity
males - 2-5y females 4-6y
30
what to do with carp broodstock
salt bath and anaesthetise with MS222 of benzocaine weigh, tag and give GnRH and stitch genital papillae harvest eggs and milt using dry method add fertilisation solution (urea and NaCl) add tannins and proteolytic enzymes to remove stickiness
31
what to do with carp eggs
incubate eggs in zuger jars for 3d at 23d transfer to containers for 3-4d at 23degrees and down feed them when larvae - feed them hard boiled egg yolk or Nauplii of Artemia spp transport in PVC bags pressurised with O2 to a 0.5-2ha pond stocking density = 300,000-400,000 larvae/ha have to allow for temp acclimatisation
32
how to prep pond for carp
plough, lime and fertilise with poultry manure, plankton sieve and insecticide treatment
33
feeding of young carp
larvae - feed hard dough 2x/d advanced fry (4-6w), restock and feed 2mm pellets 1x/d 1 summer fry - in same ponds or overwintering ponds
34
cold water bacterial diseases
Furunculosis Enteric redmouth bacterial cold water disease columnaris
35
warm water bacterial diseases
carp erythrodermatitis columnaris
36
marine bacterial diseases
vibriosis pasteurellosis tenacibaculosis
37
viruses in carp
spring viremia carp pox koi herpesvirus koi sleepy disease
38
viruses in salmonids
VHS IHN infectious pancreatic necrosis
39
marine viruses
viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
40
how to culture salmonids
10-15degrees 5L/1000kg incubate eggs at 4-12degrees
41
when do trout spawn
autumn-spring
42
when do salmon spawn
autumn-winter
43
sexual maturity of salmonids
males 2-4y females 3-6y
44
how to get gonads from salmonids
stop feeding them 14d before stripping sedate with MS222 in brown trout - remove ovarian fluid (not in rainbow)
45
what to do with eggs in salmonids
use male to female ratio 3:1 add water and mix eggs will harden and macrophyte closes disinfect eggs with organic iodine compounds within 10h of fertilisation or at eyed staged remove dead/unfertilised eggs by soaking in 8% NaCl incubate yolk sac larvae in baskets
46
what to do with fry in salmonids
keep indoors for 6-8w as light sensitive (2-4h of dark) - feed 12x/d (8% bw/d) feed juveniles 6-8x/d then 2-4x/d with 40% pro market size in 12-18m
47
how to grow out salmonids at sea
transfer juveniles in to sea cages acclimatise slowly by gradually increasing salinity or feed them high salt
48
how long til salmonids hatch
at 10degrees: rainbow trout - 31d brown trout - 41d atlantic salmon - 51d
49
Oomycetes
family = Saprolegniacene and Saprolegnia fungal molds signs = cotton wool like tufts when = in low water temperatures
50
Ceratothoa oestroides
buccal parasite of marine fish have a direct life cycle
51
Protistan ciliate parasites
cause = Trichodina, Apiosoma, Epistylis some are commensals, some are true parasites have a direct life cycle infections due to poor water quality
52
Ichthyopthirius multifilis
protistan ciliate parasite in fresh water fish causes white spot disease signs = increased mucus production, erosions theronts are the free-swimming infective form trophont are the feeding stage treatment = Cu sulphate, salt, formalin if approved prevention more important
53
treatment of protistan ciliate parasites
Cu sulphate, salt and formalin in approved
54
Trypanosoma and Trypanoplasma sp
hematozoic parasites hosts = fresh water and marine fish leeches are the intermediate host signs = anemia, hemorrage, osmoregulatory problems due to kidney destruction
55
Monogean flatworms
Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Diplectanum Gyrodactylus salaris = in salmon is OIE listed hemaphrodites oviparous except gyrodactylus who is viviparous
56
Diplostomum spathaceum
Digenea trematode eye fluke host = fresh water fish signs = cataracts, exophthalmia, blindness, decreased growth due to decreased feeding life cycle = indirect, snails are intermediate host mostly hermaphrodites and oviparous
57
Apicomplexans
cause = Eimeria and Goussia sp host = fresh and marine water fish intracellular intestinal parasites with direct life cycle within host cell entry = ingestion of oocysts control = draining, drying, freezing, liming. anticoccidial drugs work but are not approved
58
who gets Eimeria dicentrarchi
Seabass
59
what does Goussa carpelli do
coccidian enteritis
60
what does Goussia supepithelialis do
nodular coccidiosis lethargy, decreased appetite, abdominal distension, severe enteritis
61
myxozoa life cycle
myxospore goes in to annelid worms which release actinospores which are infective to fish
62
Myxozoa diseases
swim bladder inflammation whirling disease
63
swim bladder inflammation
in carp in August signs = lethargy, swollen abdomen, unable to maintain equilibrium , red and thickened swim bladder cause = Sphatospora dykovae
64
whirling disease
in salmonids infects cartilage before ossification occurs leading to deformities, darkening of caudal region and whirling cause = Myxobolus cerebralis
65
cause of whirling disease
Myxobolus cerebralis
66
cause of swim bladder inflammation
Sphatospora dykovae
67
Cestodes
endoparasites in digestive tract (anterior part) hermaphrodites order = caryophyllidea, caryophyllaceus fimbriceps signs = swollen abdomen, stop eating, hemorrhagic enteritis, emaciation control = draining, drying and liming, anthelminthics, niclosamide effective but not registered
68
Bothriocephalosis
cause = Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (cestode - Asian tapeworm up to 8cm) affects = carp and cyprinids mortality = 100% in young fish signs = decreased growth, swollen abdomen, emaciation, hemorrhagic enteritis, severe GI tract damage
69
types of muscle
cardiac smooth skeletal - head, trunk, tail and fins
70
axial muscle
organised in myomeres myomeres separated by myosepta
71
red fibres
highly vascularised for long term swimming
72
white fibres
poorly vascularised, for bursts of energy in strong swimming
73
scales
placoid - sharks and rays ganoid - sturgeons cosmoid - ancient elasmoid - teleosts 2 types of elasmoid - cycloid and ctenoid cycloid - salmonids and cyprinids ctenoid - perch and pikeperch
74
pigment cells
melanophores - black erythrophores - red zanthophores - yellow iridophores - shiny colour changes can be physiological or morphological
75
blood flow in the gills
a. brachialis - lamellar arteries - secondary lamella - lamellar arteries - a. epibranchialis
76
breathing
active in cyprinids passive in salmonids - need to continuously swim
77
gills
4 pairs of gill arches supported by cartilage and ro bony skeleton on each gill arch = outer surface has 2 rows of gill filaments (primary lamella) and inner surface has gill rakers
78
lamella
primary = supported by cartilage secondary = gaseous exchange
79
opercular cavity
operculum (branchiostegal membrane)
80
OIE listed viral diseases
IHN koi herpes virus spring viremia of carp VHS
81
spring viremia of carp
cause = Rhabdovirus carpio affects = mostly common carp transmission = horizontal through diseased fish vectors = parasites outbreaks = 11-17deg mortality = 1-40% signs = hemorrhagic anemia, edema, enteritis and peritonitis
82
cause of spring viremia of carp
Rhabdovirus carpio
83
carp pox
cause = cyprinid herpes virus 1 outbreaks = 15deg in winter and early spring mortality = high in juveniles signs = benign, hyperplastic, papillomatous growths in skin
84
cause of carp pox
cyprinid herpes virus 1
85
koi herpes virus
cause = cyprinid herpes virus 3 affects = common and koi carp outbreaks = 16-25deg morbidity = up to 100% mortality = 70-80% transmission = horizontal vectors = birds, parasites, fish signs = gill necrosis, enophthalmia
86
cause of koi herpes virus
cyprinid herpes virus 3
87
skin
epidermis - upper layer with mucous cells dermis - lower layer hypodermis
88
where are scales
in dermis
89
layers of dermis
stratum spongiosum - loose connective tissue with capillaries and pigment cells stratum compactum - dense connective tissue scales
90
fins
skin fold supported by bony rays rays can be spiny or soft
91
paired fins
pectoral and pelvic
92
unpaired fins
dorsal, caudal and anal
93
who has adipose skin
Salmonids and Ictauridae
94
who doesn't have pelvic fins
eels
95
heart
1 atrium and 1 ventricle HR varies with water temp - around 30bpm
96
blood
contains hemocytes and plasma pH 7.6
97
pyloric caeca
blind ending diverticula between stomach and anterior intestine
98
cyprinid GI tract
no stomach but have extended anterior intestine
99
swim bladder
hydrostatic organ that is filled/emptied to regulate buoyancy tunica interna - transparent epithelial layer, overlying muscularis, mucosa and submucosa of loose connective tissue tunica externa - fibrous layer with muscle and elastic connective tissue gas inside = mostly N2
100
closed/open swim bladder
physoclists (closed) physostomes swim bladder closes 24-36h post hatching in carp 3w post hatching in trout
101
swim bladder in carp
2 chambers with diaphragm
102
which organs are responsible for osmoregulation
skin, gills, kidney and alimentary canal
103
freshwater fish osmoregulation
their environment is hypo osmotic water passes in to the body so they dont have to drink kidney produces lots of dilute urine ions are passively lost through gills, skin and urine ions are actively taken up from food and gills
104
marine fish osmoregulation
their environment is hyper osmotic water is lost through skin and gills so they have to drink produce small amounts of concentrated urine - low GFR excess ions are excreted in gills, faeces and urine
105
arthropoda
cause = Argulus foliaceus, Lernaea cyprinacea have a direct life cycle ectoparasite - attach to gills (L.c) or skin (A.f) with 2 round suckers or anchors then feed on blood and tissue
106
cause of pasteurellosis
Photobacterium damsela spp piscicida
107
who gets pasteurellosis
marine fish
108
predisposing for pasteurellosis
seabass and bream susceptible when under 50g 18-20deg lower temps = subclinical disease
109
entry of pasteurellosis and pathogenesis
through skin and intestine per acute-acute = in fry, non specific external signs subacute-chronic = older fish, nodular white granulomas in spleen, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle
110
diagnosis of pasteurellosis
isolate from kidney or spleen
111
treatment of pasteurellosis
oxytetracycline, florfenicol, flumequine can fail due to resistance and the fact bacteria live in macrophages
112
prevention of pasteurellosis
vaccination
113
koi sleepy disease
cause = carp edema virus - DNA poxvirus affects = common and koi carp outbreaks = koi - 15-25deg, common - 6-10deg all ages susceptible signs = enopthalmia, lethargy and oedematous gills
114
viral hemorrhagic septicaemia
cause = Rhabdoviridae VHS virus hosts = salmonids, trout, flat fish and pike outbreak = less than 14deg, fluctuating temps mortality = 100% in fry, 30-70% in older transmission = horizontal, vectors - birds
115
types of VHS
acute = lethargy, erratic swimming, pale gills and liver, bleeding in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, edema in spleen and kidneys, ascites chronic = dark skin, exophthalmia, pale and grey liver, mortality prolonged but not high nervous = abnormal swimming, low mortality
116
control of VHS
good hygiene disinfection select fish for genetic resistance
117
diagnosis of furunculosis
isolate from kidneys
118
treatment of furunculosis
oxytetracycline, florfenicol, potentiated sulphonamides in feed
119
control of furunculosis
good husbandry, disinfect fertilised eggs, vaccinate salmon
120
bacterial cold water disease
cause = Flavoacterium psychrophilum host = salmonids predisposing = less than 10deg, poor water quality transmission = horizontal or vertical entry = damaged skin and fins 2 types - rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold water disease treatment = oxytetracycline, florfenicol, amoxicillin in feed diagnosis = isolate from kidney or spleen on special media
121
rainbow trout fry syndrome
cause = Flavobacterium pschrophilum signs = acute septicaemia internal pathology predominates, fin erosion, exophthalmia, ascites 50% mortality
122
bacterial cold water disease sign
older fish external pathology predominates ulcers, yellow pigment, damaged fin tips 70% morbidity
123
cause of bacterial kidney disease
Renibacterium salmoninarium
124
who gets bacterial kidney disease
salmonids
125
predisposing for bacterial kidney disease
overstocking and carrier brood stock
126
signs of bacterial kidney disease
lesions in kidney, heart, spleen and liver white caseous, nodular granulomas
127
cause of carp erythrodermatitis
Aeromonas salmonicida spp nova
128
hosts of carp erythrodermatitis
warm water fish - cyprinids, pike, catfish
129
2 courses of carp erythrodermatitis
summer - faster course and good prognosis autumn - slower course and bad prognosis
130
entry for carp erythrodermatitis
through skin Bacteria multiplies and causes inflammation between epidermis and dermis leads to tissue necrosis and osmotic imbalance
131
signs of carp erythrodermatitis
ulcers - red centres and white periphery exophthalmia, ascites, secondary infections dark pigmented scars
132
diagnosis of carp erythrodermatitis
isolate from edge of ulcers, grow on blood media
133
treatment of carp erythrodermatitis
oxytetracycline, florfenicol, flumequine
134
control of carp erythrodermatitis
prevent birds, careful handling, breed resistant strains
135
cause of bacterial cold water disease
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
136
predisposing for cold water disease
low temps of less than 10 poor water quality
137
cause of enteric red mouth disease
Yersinia ruckeri
138
host of enteric red mouth
salmonids
139
predisposing for enteric red mouth
temp changes 8-16 deg stress fastest disease course at 18 deg
140
signs of enteric red mouth
haemorrhages in and around mouth and on fin bases empty intestines with hemorrhage swollen kidney and splenomegaly
141
control of enteric red mouth
disinfect eggs vaccine and booster needed
142
who has hepatopancreas
cyprinids
143
cause of IHN
rhabdoviridae
144
who gets IHN
young trout and salmon
145
mortality of IHN
100% in fry and 30% in older fish
146
when do IHN outbreaks occur
10-12 deg
147
signs of IHN
lethargy, decreased appetite, abnormal swimming sub dermal hemorrhage in fins pale gills, liver, kidney and spleen ascites and exophthalmia fecal casts, yellow/white fluid in GI tract
148
control of IHN
good hygiene and disinfections
149
cause of IPN
Birnaviridae
150
who does IPN affect
young salmonids and eels
151
when do IPN outbreaks occur
10 deg
152
signs of IPN
abnormal swimming skin darkening abdo distension hemorrhage on ventral surface and edema catarrhal enteritis and fecal casts
153
prevention of IPN
vaccine for Atlantic salmon
154
cause of furunculosis
Aeromonas salmonicida spp salmonicida
155
predisposing for furunculosis
sudden increase in temp 12-15deg stress
156
route of entry of furunculosis
skin, gills, gut and causes septicaemia
157
types of furunculosis
peracute - in juveniles, sudden death with no signs or dark skin and exophthalmia acute - in growing fish, internal hemorrhage and on fin bases subacute/chronic - older fish, hemorrhage and furuncles
158
diagnosis of furunculosis
isolate from kidneys
159
treatment of furunculosis
medicated feed - oxytetracycline, florfenicol, potentiated sulphonamides
160
control of furunculosis
good husbandry, disinfect fertilised eggs vaccinate salmon
161
when do VHS outbreaks occur
less than 14 deg fluctuating temps
162
hosts of VHS
salmonids, trout, flatfish, pike
163
cause of Tenabaculosis
Tenacibaculum maritum
164
hosts of tenabaculosis
Marine fish up to 100g
165
predisposing for tenabaculosis
stress overstocking sun burn - uv
166
signs of tenabaculosis
necrosis on gills ulcers on skin rot on fins
167
treatment of tenabaculosis
antimicrobials in feed bath with hydrogen peroxide of formalin
168
what is tenabaculosis known as
marine columnaris
169
arthropoda species
Argulus foliaceus Lernaea cyprinacea
170
signs of ectoparasite (arthropoda infections)
skin irritation sudden movements stop eating hyperplasia of epithelium increased mucus production cloudy skin
171
Mycobacteriosis cause
Mycobacterium marinum also known as Fish tuberculosis fish handlers disease and swimming pool granuloma
172
cause of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
Nodaviridae
173
who gets VER
sea bass an sea bream
174
when does VER occur
higher temps - 22deg
175
signs of VER
loss of appetite abnormal swimming dark pigmentation swollen swim bladder belly up at rest vacuolation and necrosis of nervous cells of spinal cord, brain and or retina intracytoplasmic inclusions
176
cestode name
caryophyllaceus fimbriceps

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