Exam Flashcards

Question

trichomoniasis

Answer 1

symptoms -most common non-viral STI -men have less symptoms -pain/burning while voiding -pain during sex -discharge from penis treatment -oral antibiotics -get treated early

Answer 2

symptoms -most common cause of genital ulcerations -often no symptoms -cold sores -sores on genitals -itchy genitals -flu like symptoms -pain while voiding treatment -no cure -antivirals may help outbreaks

Answer 3

symptoms -insects that nest in pubic hair -skin irritation and inflammation -itchy and red skin -louse feces -small blue spots on skin where lice have bitten treatment -All household contacts and recent sexual partners within the past month should be treated to prevent re-infestation -antihistamines and steroid creams can control itchiness -medical shampoos -Clothing, bedding and other possible contaminated items should be washed or dry cleaned, or bagged for three days to one week. Items that cannot be washed or bagged should be vacuumed

Answer 4

symptoms -parasitic mites that burrow below the skin -lay eggs under skin to hatch -intense nighttime itchiness and red rash -the lesions are usually in the hands, wrists, armpits, waist, nipples, around the belly button, and in the male genitalia. treatment -skin scraping of the burrow to remove the mite -burrow ink test -medical creams and shampoos -all household contacts and recent sexual partners within the past month should be treated to prevent re-infestation -Clothing, bedding and other possible contaminated items should be washed or dry cleaned, or bagged for three days to one week. Items that cannot be washed or bagged should be vacuumed

Answer 5

symptoms -caused by variations of bacteria that cause chlamydia -appear 30 days after infection -painless sore or bump where bacteria entered -flu like symptoms -swollen lymph nodes -deformity of genitals treatment -antibioticos

Answer 6

symptoms -harmful bacteria outnumber good bacteria -often no symptoms -thin vaginal discharge (white or grey) -fishy smell treatment -antibiotic pills, creams, ovules

Answer 7

symptoms -too much yeast in vagina -thick white clumpy vaginal discharge -vaginal itching, pain, burning, redness -pain during voiding and sex treatment -antifungal creams, ointment, oral pills or ovule

Answer 8

symptoms -genital warts -itchiness -pain and bleeding during sex -cervical cancer treatment -no cure -can remove visible lesions and warts -treatments for warts -immune system can clear infection, but it can reoccur

Answer 9

symptoms -may not have symptoms for years -mild flu like symptoms -fever, fatigue, weight loss, chronic diarrhea, dyspnea, cough, loss of vision, recurrent yeast infections, lesions, shingles, herpes, anemia -causes your immune system to fail -cancer, dementia, death treatment -antiretroviral therapy -is a chronic disease -NO CURE -treatments can slow the progression of the disease -partner notification!

Answer 10

-18-34 years old -major milestones: Completion of formal education, commencing full-time employment, getting married and parenthood -Healthiest period, optimal muscle strength (age 25–30), peak manual dexterity. -Developing behaviours to promote a healthy lifestyle. -Decreasing incidence of accidents, injuries, violence. -Self-help resources are very popular with young adults.

Answer 11

- Young adults have the highest number of emergency department visits and lowest number of outpatient visits. - leading causes of death: unintentional injuries (accidents), homicide, suicide - Cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, metabolic syndrome. So, necessary to screen for cardiovascular conditions after the age of 25 as well as provide education about risk factor modification - Prevention, screening, and modifying risk factors is key with young adults

Answer 12

-Caloric needs increase substantially, particularly in men. Basal metabolic rate declines - Assessment: BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, & cholesterol - Nutritional needs and common deficiencies: Iron, folic acid, calcium -Variety of nutrition-dense foods, especially whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low fat or fat-free milk, lean meat, and protein sources -Encourage iron, calcium and folic acid intake

Answer 13

- Well-established elimination pattern - Although eating disorders begin at an earlier stage of development, they can persist during young adulthood - Common complaints: Constipation, Hemorrhoids, Occasional diarrhea -Report changes in elimination patterns -Adequate fluids; eating fruit and vegetables

Answer 14

Exercise recommendations - Aerobic exercise of moderate intensity for 150 minutes per week in bouts of 10 minutes or more at least 2 days a week - Muscle and bone strengthening 2 days per week - Barriers: lack of time, access to facilities, safe environments -Helmets for bicycles, motorcycles

Answer 15

- Visual acuity: highest at 20 years and begins to decline by 40 years, when farsightedness frequently develops. - Hearing: best at 20 years. The ability to distinguish high pitched tones decreases with age. - Other senses: Taste, smell, touch and awareness of temperature and pain remain stable until 40 to 50 years of age

Answer 16

-Achievement of formal operational thinking allows young adults to analyze all combinations of possibilities and construct hypotheses. Young adult thought becomes more perceptive and insightful; issues can therefore be evaluated realistically and objectively. -Although they tend to take greater risks, young adults typically demonstrate the use of appropriate reasoning, anticipation, and analytical approaches.

Answer 17

-intimacy versus isolation and loneliness. -Young adults who are unsure of their identity may avoid intimate contact or engage in promiscuous behaviour lacking in true intimacy, which can result in isolation and consequent self-absorption

Answer 18

-post conventional moral reasoning -Define rights and morality in terms of self-chosen principles. -the individual is able to differentiate the self from the rules and expectations of others and to define principles regarding rights in terms of self-chosen principles -Doing for self Vs others/society

Answer 19

-Formation of intimate relationships -Decisions about life and career directions -Formation of family units -Multiple decisions related to child-bearing, finances, roles and relationships -Depression common—supportive counselling and services -(Assess for suicidal ideation)

Answer 20

Infertility -Affects 16% of couples; increased incidence greater than 30 years -Assisted reproductive technologies (stressful, costly) -Sterilization: choice increases with age Unintended pregnancy (40% of all pregnancies) -Half of unplanned pregnancies are caused by contraceptive failure -Nurse’s role: help choose most appropriate method of contraception

Answer 21

-Injuries are the leading cause of death in young adults -Alcohol intake/ binge drinking and Motor vehicle accidents cause more fatalities than all other causes of death combined. -Occupational hazards and stressors (Young adults work in hazardous jobs): emphasis on protective clothing, equipment, instruments etc

Answer 22

- age 35-64 years -Fat disposition, decreased muscle mass and bone density, osteoarthritis - Hormonal changes - Reduction of glomerular filtration by 50% -Leading causes: heart disease, cancer, and accidents - Heart disease: number one cause of death

Answer 23

-acceptance of aging, the need to exercise, and weight control, decreasing or stopping cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. -The leading causes of death during middle adults are malignant diseases such heart disease, cancer, etc. -Dietary factors and unhealthy weights are correlated with 5 of the 10 leading causes of death in Canada. Emphasis on diet and exercise.

Answer 24

-The middle-aged adult typically leads a more sedentary lifestyle than does the young adult. -Obesity risk increases with less education, low income, ethnicity -alcohol abuse - adults consume these agents for many reasons, including peer pressure, loneliness, alienation, frustration, anxiety, and low self-esteem. - Women have a higher death rate related to alcoholism than men. More men than women are considered problem drinkers

Answer 25

- Activities that focus on skill and coordination - Caution is recommended for adults nearing age 65 years to prevent muscle strains and/or falls. physical exercise should involve as many muscles as possible and be performed on a regular basis. - Adults should spend 30 minutes or more in brisk physical activity (e.g., walking, jogging, swimming, bicycling) every day for a total of 3 to 4 hours per week. Initiating exercise program: Points to consider for better success - Choose activities enjoyed in past (if appropriate) - Activities that the person/group interested in - Consider potential for injury, proper equipment - Exercise testing if high risk

Answer 26

-Helping children become responsible, happy adults - Rediscovering or developing new satisfaction in the relationship with one’s spouse (for the single adult, this can occur in a relationship with a sibling or significant other) - Developing an affectionate, but independent, relationship with aging parents - Reaching the peak in one’s career - Achieving mature social and civic responsibility - Accepting and adapting to biological changes - Maintaining or developing friendships - Developing leisure-time activities - Can process complex problems of reasoning - Focus on involvement, absence of chronic disease, flexibility, family, complexity, favourable socioeconomic status, personal satisfaction, spouse with high cognitive function

Answer 27

-generativity vs stagnation -Generativity involves a sense of productivity, creativity, and the desire to help others, whereas stagnation involves a sense of isolation and focus on oneself. -Middle age is a time of critical self-review. For some, this review may prompt sadness, disappointment, self-doubt, and regret if the desired and expected life goals have not been met.

Answer 28

- Multiple responsibilities and stresses - Children, aging parents, job, and civic responsibilities - Single-parent families - Over-involvement with children’s activities - Caring for aging parents - Divorce: Children of divorced parents may have emotional effects lasting for decades.

Answer 29

-Some people try to “hold on” to youth by dressing as more youthful counterparts dress, whereas others adapt their attire to their age and position in life. Women (40s and 50s) - Raising a family - Helping parents as they age - Coping with divorce or death of a spouse - Retirement, and financial insecurity. - Menopause men - The hormonal changes in men are gradual, typically beginning between 40 and 55 years of age. The symptoms are similar to those experienced by women with the emotional effects related to other life events, past coping patterns, and general feelings of self-esteem

Answer 30

-Sexual arousal is slower, orgasms are less intense, and a return to pre-arousal levels is more rapid, with men having longer refractory periods between erection and ejaculation. -Women can experience vaginal dryness, difficulty finding a partner, less interest in initiating sex, and longer times to reach orgasm

Answer 31

No single theory Factors under study Genetics: predict development of disease Diet: calorie restriction Antioxidants: binding free radicals

Answer 32

- Motivation: Important for maintaining health - Nursing role: Help older persons understand the importance of health factors, to learn their goals, and what motivates them. - Not to underestimate their abilities. - Encourage active participation in care rather than performing care for them. - Activities to promote health and prevent frailty Recommended clinical preventive services for older persons - Immunizations (influenza and pneumococcal) - Screenings for early detection - Smoking-cessation counseling for those who smoke. Health assessment screening - Renal insufficiency - Alcoholism - Polypharmacy - Substance/Illicit drugs

Answer 33

- Adults aged 65 or older typically require fewer calories than younger adults. - Although fewer calories are needed, older people require more nutrition from these calories to promote and protect health.

Answer 34

Access to food Low income Decline in GI absorption, metabolism, elimination Deterioration of senses (taste, smell and vision) High frequency of dental and swallowing problems Cultural food preferences Lifelong eating habits Living environment (e.g., institutions) Anorexia resulting from disease Medications Hospital stay

Answer 35

- Encouraging family members to bring in special foods that the resident enjoys is helpful. - Assess the person’s food preferences and any difficulties in eating, followed by careful planning of an appropriate menu, to encourage healthy eating. - A pleasant setting with social interaction enhances the desire to eat.

Answer 36

- Bowel and bladder functions are altered by normal changes of aging. - Gastro-intestinal motility decreases as people age. - Diet plays a significant role in problems with intestinal motility and constipation. - Decreased intake of fluids and fibre contribute in large part to constipation. - Many medications taken by older persons also cause elimination concerns. - Lack of physical activity and changes in the environment that decrease privacy also contribute to elimination problems. - It is important to reassure them that through diet and exercise they can gain control of most elimination problems - Schedule regular times to void - Pelvic floor exercises - Avoid stimulant such as caffeine

Answer 37

when someone coughs or sneezes

Answer 38

once the urge to void is felt they cannot wait to void inability to delay voiding once the bladder is full

Answer 39

associated with environmental barriers, physical limitations, or cognitive impairment in which the care recipient is unable to reach the toilet.

Answer 40

Last for less than 6 months Secondary to another disease

Answer 41

Stress, urge, overflow, functional

Answer 42

-Recommended at least 150 min of moderate to vigorous exercise/week -Goal- help maintain flexibility, strength, and balance -Strength training improves balance and reduces the risk of falls, strengthen bones and reduces blood sugar levels -Weight bearing – functional mobility, promoting independence, and prevent falls.

Answer 43

Do's - Regular bedtime and waking schedule - Plan activities during the day (eg. exercise) - Bedtime rituals (reading, meditating, etc.) - Comfortable and quiet sleep environment - Use the bed only for sleep and sexual activity - Check on medications that may interfere with sleep Dont's - Avoid long daytime naps - Vigorous activity right before bed - Caffeine after mid morning - Drinking alcohol before bed - Sleep medications - Tobacco - Driving when tired

Answer 44

- Brain weight decreases with aging. Shift occurs in the proportion of grey matter to white matter. - Affects memory, comprehension, problem-solving, and decision-making. - cognitive impairment is not a normal change of aging -Keep their minds active: Read, engage in stimulating conversation and entertainment, Scrabble and Bingo - Encourage to perform self-care activities, such as dressing, themselves. -Elderly patients like consistency in their environment and do not make abrupt changes. Change often fosters confusion. Familiar environments and consistent routines are encouraged.

Answer 45

progressive sensorineural hearing loss associated with aging – difficulty filtering background noise and understanding high-pitched voices.

Answer 46

- Loss of taste buds - The flavors of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter become blurred. - Safe cooking and alternative seasoning - Inability to sense warning signal- smoke, rotten food - Teach- check dates on food packages frequently, be attentive while cooking and preparing meals

Answer 47

- Ego integrity vs. despair (coming to terms with life) - Ego integrity: acceptance of life; feeling “at peace” - Fear of death and despair, feels life was “in vain” -Successfully navigating the stage of ego integrity versus despair requires that the individual accept normal bodily changes associated with aging, find meaning in life apart from work, accept the inevitability of death, and be at peace with his or her life.

Answer 48

Grandparenting: new role - Frequently brings joy and happiness - Grandparents raising children—stress issues - Counselling, support groups, education—all help with coping

Answer 49

Older person is at highest risk Medical conditions, losses, physical changes Depression is also caused by physiological changes in the aging body.

Answer 50

Risk factors for suicide include social isolation, alcohol and substance abuse, psychosis, bereavement, and serious medical illness. Challenge: promote value in life, alleviate suffering

Answer 51

- Leading cause of morbidity and mortality - Accounts for about 40% of admissions to long-term care - Result in decreased, mobility, decreased ability to live independently, and increased risk of an early death - Risk assessment and prevention are essential - Should be assessed after an injury or annually - Even if an older person isn’t injured after a fall , they may develop a fear of falling, and therefore limit their activities and increase their risk for future falls.

Answer 52

Cancer, heart disease, unintentional injury, COPD, cerebrovascular diseases

Answer 53

- A preliminary step to identify individuals who need more diagnostic workup to prevent further development of condition or disease or adverse disease outcome - Screening is secondary prevention - Not generally a diagnostic measure, nor it is curative - a step toward empowering individuals to make more informed choices about their health and health behaviors Primary objective - Detection of a disease in its early stages - Treat disease and prevent progression of disease

Answer 54

One person is tested by a healthcare provider who has selected the individual as high risk (e.g., Hypertension)

Answer 55

A target population is selected on the basis of increased incidence of a condition or a recognized element of high risk within the identified group (e.g., Target population tested for selected disorders such as hypertension, elevated levels of lipids & cholesterol, elevated blood sugar)

Answer 56

Administration of a single test that searches for a characteristic that indicates a high risk of developing a disorder. (e.g., B.P monitoring to evaluate hypertension)

Answer 57

Administration of 2 or more tests to detect more than one disease. In some cases , one sample can be used to evaluate an individual for several conditions. (e.g blood sample for glucose, cholesterol etc.)

Answer 58

- cost effective - The screening process can be applied to both individuals and larger populations - Some screenings mandated by law, e.g., PKU - Screening can be one-test disease-specific or multiple test screening. - Screening creates the opportunity for health teaching.

Answer 59

- Uncertainty in scientific evidence—possibility of errors - Any margin of error can have serious consequences - False positive—anxiety, unnecessary interventions - False negatives—disease is overlooked; missed opportunity for early intervention

Answer 60

diseased state or disability from any cause Includes range or degree of illness

Answer 61

- level of priority of disease as public health concern - Determined by incidence and prevalence and by the quantity (severity) and quality of life affected by the disorder - Media

Answer 62

Prevalence is the proportion of a given population with the disease or condition at any one point in time. (all cases) - generally existing - chronic conditions

Answer 63

is the rate of a new population problem and estimates the risk of an individual developing the specific disease or condition during a specific period or over a lifetime. (new cases) - rate of occurrence - acute conditions

Answer 64

Perfect health minus the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) 1 year of excellent health = 1 QALY 1 year of of disease = 0.5 QALY

Answer 65

Year spent in less than healthy life Measure of the burden of disease Measures gap between current health and excellent health status

Answer 66

- Must be available, easy to administer, safe, cost-effective, accurate - Screening tool must accurately distinguish those with and those without disease. - Reliability - the ability of different individuals to produce the same results (consistent, stable, results) - Validity - accuracy or truthfulness of the test (does the test actually measure what we are looking for)

Answer 67

community resources (funds, health care workers, follow up services, referrals, treatment sources, administrative personnel)

Answer 68

oversee the development of a community health program

Answer 69

individuals or groups with a genuine interest in the topic (hospitals, health and social services agencies, primary health centers, schools, etc)

Answer 70

systematic method of collecting data that provides a detailed account, first identifying need and subsequently determining the type, quantity, and quality of resources

Answer 71

- False positives, false negatives; duty to inform? - Cutoff points: determines whether person is “disease positive” or “disease negative” - Borderline cases—interpretation changes as guidelines change; when to refer or not refer

Answer 72

- Performed first - Allow comparison of various outcomes in monetary terms - Cost of screening vs cost of long term care management - Example: BP screening for hypertension vs. cost of chronic care for stroke, CHF, etc. - Cost screening vs. cost of HPV vaccine for cervical cancer - This comparison is necessary in health planning when the initial consideration is dependent on whether the expected health outcome will be most beneficial to the community at the most reasonable cost

Answer 73

- Determines the optimal use of resources to reach a desired health outcome - Implementation of all screenings would be ideal, but limited resources means some choices are made among various screening options

Answer 74

- Goal is to be efficient - budget limited funds toward optimizing goal - Funds (vs. health benefit) are the focus - When they are many goals and limited funds - must choose wisely

Answer 75

Age, gender, race and ethnicity, income level, and lifestyle (daily habits, nutrition, fitness, tobacco use, alcohol and drug use, stress management, risky behaviour, etc)

Answer 76

Conditions: workplace, home, and community Chemical, physical, and psychological forces

Answer 77

- Any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes - Information alone does not change behaviour. Nurse educators must also focus on examining ways to prompt positive individual and community behavior change through policy and program development that address the social determinants of health, thereby reducing health inequities. - As population ages there is more need to shift from acute individualized interventions → community based interventions (health promotion, disease prevention) - One cannot assume that poor health is related only to a lack of information or education & that by providing this, recipients will experience improved health.

Answer 78

- Encourage positive, informed changes in lifestyle - Empower the individual - Help individuals, families, and communities achieve optimal health (via their own actions and initiative). - improve health literacy - People who believe they have autonomy and who are involved in decision making are more likely to experience improvement in mental and physical health outcomes

Answer 79

More than a basic reading ability to include the understanding and use of printed information that is fundamental to daily life at work, at home, and in the community.

Answer 80

Building upon functional literacy, health literacy is the ability to apply these skills to health situations for the purpose of achieving healthier outcomes.

Answer 81

Health behaviour is viewed as a complex interaction of individuals with the environment—multiple influences (interpersonal group, community, etc)

Answer 82

help explain factors influencing and interfering with positive health behaviors. In addition, they also contribute to understanding how educational intervention supports behavior change

Answer 83

activities which enhance health, support healthy environments, prevent disease, and detect and control symptoms

Answer 84

- Paradigm to predict and explain health behaviour - Focuses on how fear influences change - Marketing capitalizes on fear to get people to change their behaviour (eg, anti-smoking campaigns) Engagement in health-promoting behaviour is based upon three factors: - One’s beliefs about the severity of the illness - Perceived benefits of change - Barriers and confidence levels (self-efficacy) in creating change

Answer 85

- Emphasizes the influence of self efficacy or efficacy beliefs on health behaviour Describes 3 interacting factors - Behaviour - role modeling - Cognition - what we think and feel - Environment - social influences What should the nurse do? - Modelling - Provides opportunities for imitating behaviours - Useful to demonstrate desired behaviours - Example: parents model behaviour for their child

Answer 86

- Precontemplation: Not considering behaviour change - Contemplation: Seriously considering a specific behaviour change in next 6 months - Planning: Starting to change or seriously thinking about making change in next month - Action: Made behaviour change; change persisted for 6 months - Maintenance: 6 months after change; continues indefinitely

Answer 87

process which uses marketing principles and techniques (prompts, messaging, images) to influence behaviours (to benefit the individual and society)

Answer 88

- Desired behaviour change for health promotion - Plan written from learner’s perspective - The individual is an active participant - Plan should clarify learner outcomes - Specific actions or abilities desired during or at end of program

Answer 89

iron and calcium, which results in anemia and osteoporosis

Answer 90

- congenital heart disease - cancer - cerebrovascular accident (stroke) - diabetes mellitus

Answer 91

1 in 4 adults; 1 in 5 youths

Answer 92

- Improving healthy eating information - Improving nutritional quality of foods - Protecting vulnerable populations - Supporting increased access to and availability of nutritious foods

Answer 93

1.Food security 2.Health 3.Environment 4.Sustainable growth of the agriculture and food sector

Answer 94

DRI is used to plan and assess diets of healthy people. May not account for genetic diversity or specific groups. It serves as an overall guideline for the population

Answer 95

Form the basis for the DRIs

Answer 96

- The best way to obtain nutrients is by eating a variety of foods - Dietary supplements should be used cautiously so that excess amounts are not consumed, which could lead to possible adverse effects - It is important to be cautious when using any supplements.

Answer 97

- Discover characteristics or risk factors associated with dietary and nutrition problems - Identify individuals who are potentially at risk - Older persons are at disproportionate risk - Canadian Nutrition Screening Tool (CNST) - Referred to a dietitian after screening

Answer 98

- Underweight: BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2 - Healthy weight: BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 - Overweight: BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 - Class 1 obese: BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2 - Class 2 obese: BMI of 35 to 39.9 kg/m2 - Class 3 obese (morbid obesity): BMI of 40 kg/m2 or higher

Answer 99

L—Listen with sympathy and understanding to the person’s perception of the problem. E—Explain personal perceptions of the problem. A—Acknowledge and discuss differences and similarities. R—Recommend treatment. N—Negotiate an agreement.

Answer 100

performing different types of exercise on different days of the week or performing different types of exercise within one session. The benefits of cross training include a decreased risk of musculoskeletal injury, an increased potential for total body conditioning, and improved long-term compliance because variety decreases boredom and eliminates the exercise barrier of limited choices.

Answer 101

- activity using large muscle groups in a repetitive, rhythmic fashion over an extended period to improve oxidative energy-producing system and improve cardiorespiratory status - fuel = adipose tissue - Examples: walking, jogging, swimming

Answer 102

- high-intensity, short-duration activity results in improved muscle strength, power, and reactivity - fuel = glucose-glycogen and phosphagens

Answer 103

- 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity every day - Vigorous activities at least 3 days per week - Activities to strengthen muscles and bones at least 3 days per week

Answer 104

- 150 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per week -- in bouts of 10 minutes or more - Muscle and bone strengthening 2 days per week

Answer 105

- 150 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per week -- in bouts of 10 minutes or more - Muscle and bone strengthening activities 2 days per week - Those with mobility issues should include balance training to prevent falls

Answer 106

- Aquatic exercise: improves function, decreases pain - Water activities are good exercise alternatives for people with musculoskeletal limitations who need some weight relief with exercise.

Answer 107

- Tai chi: may improve lower extremity ROM - Aerobic exercise: increases aerobic capacity, muscle strength, joint mobility - Postpone exercise during exacerbations

Answer 108

Frequency - Aerobic exercise 3−5 times a week - Resistance training 2−3 times a week Intensity - Moderate to rigorous - Resistance exercise 8−12 repetitions Time - 20−60 minutes plus warm-up and cool-down - 15−30 minutes to complete a series of resistance exercises Type - Aerobic - Resistance training

Answer 109

- Inborn set of physiological changes which offset fight-or-flight response (stress response) - Physiological changes resulting in a “letting go” of physical, emotional, or mental tension - Common techniques to elicit RR: Controlled breathing, meditation, imagery, mindfulness, yoga, repetitive exercise

Answer 110

Feel competent doing the activity Feel confident in overcoming barriers Feel safe doing the activity Can access activity on a regular basis Perceives no negative social or financial cost Is able to address competing time demands

Answer 111

any psychological, social, environmental, physiological, or spiritual stimulus, that disrupts homeostasis, thereby necessitating change or adaptation

Answer 112

no control (e.g., weather, death of spouse)

Answer 113

modify through changing their environment, interactions, behaviour

Answer 114

created or exacerbated by individual response to stress (e.g., negative thinking, procrastination

Answer 115

Emotional exhaustion Depersonalization Diminished sense of accomplishment

Answer 116

Trouble thinking clearly Lack of creativity Memory loss Forgetfulness Inability to make decisions Thoughts of running away Constant worry Loss of sense of humour

Answer 117

Isolation Intolerance Resentment Loneliness Lashing out Hiding Clamming up Lowered sex drive Nagging Distrust Lack of intimacy Using people

Answer 118

- descriptions of perceived actual and potential positive and negative outcomes - Negative outcomes: Harm - Positive outcomes: challenges resulting from stressors that an individual perceives can be overcome

Answer 119

-follows primary appraisal. Individual’s identification of choices to cope with stress

Answer 120

- Recognize signs (muscle tension resulting in backache, headache) - Attend to cues to reduce negative mood states (anxiety symptoms) or symptoms (stretching for backache) - Recognizing warning signs - Nursing role: Assist people to identify stress signals, their response to stress change response (breathing and relaxation), break stress cycle - Mindfulness

Answer 121

Two components - Repetition of a word, thought, or activity - Passive disregard of everyday thoughts Mini-relaxations - can be taught quickly and used throughout the day - Individuals can be taught to monitor minor stress warning signs (jaw and shoulder tension) and to use a mini-relaxation exercise to keep these initial symptoms of stress from developing into an incapacitating tension headache. - A mini-relaxation exercise can be anything from a few conscious, deep diaphragmatic breaths to several minutes of sitting quietly

Answer 122

- Stop (break the cycle of escalating, negative thoughts). - Breathe deeply (elicit the relaxation response and release tension). - Reflect (ask “What is going on here? What am I thinking? Is the thought true? Is the thought helpful? Am I jumping to conclusions or magnifying the situation?”). - Choose a more realistic, rational response. Try out the alternative response in a future situation

Answer 123

combines complementary and alternative health care practices with conventional medicine

Answer 124

- Focus is on identifying and treating disease (symptom & disease). - Conventional practice of science-based curative medicine - Care by physician or mid-level provider - Medications, surgery, and procedures to treat ailments

Answer 125

- A new paradigm in health care - Incorporates positive psychology to pursue wellness, both mentally and physically. - No focus on pathogenesis - Goal is preventive health and overall well-being

Answer 126

- Based on a wide-ranging collection of different philosophies and therapeutics, from acupuncture to demonology - multiple herbs and medicines are prescribed together by the practitioner - Many herbal TCM remedies do in fact work and, therefore, TCM should not be regarded as a completely supernatural framework - Balances yin and yang and the balance and harmony of a vital energy or life forces

Answer 127

- Acupuncture involves stimulating these energy points on the body by using needles that penetrate the skin to alleviate pain or to treat various health conditions. - Acupuncture points act as valves in meridians - Valve opens and closes, corrects imbalance in qi - Effective for treating substance abuse, depression, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, pain

Answer 128

- Homeopathy is based upon the philosophy of vitalism that interprets diseases and sickness as caused by disturbances in the body’s vital energy or life force. - practitioners treat patients by administering small amounts of dilute pathogenic substances believed to cause their symptoms to stimulate the body’s healing abilities - Homeopathic remedies are prepared from plants, animals, and minerals

Answer 129

- Naturopaths are recognized and regulated. - Blends modern scientific knowledge with traditional and natural forms of medicine. - Naturopathy supports prevention of disease through healthy living and positive mind–body–spirit strength, to enhance the body’s innate healing properties - Practitioners do not use prescription medications, injections, x-rays, or surgery, but instead use a variety of complementary and alternative medicine modalities, emphasizing healthy lifestyle, strengthening and cleansing the body, and noninvasive treatments. - The naturopathic philosophy is to stimulate the healing power of the body and treat the underlying cause of disease. Symptoms of disease are seen as warning signals of improper functioning of the body, and unfavourable lifestyle habits

Answer 130

- Evolved over thousands of years - Uses herbs, massage, diet, medications based upon the “seasons of life” - The goals of Ayurveda are seen as the treatment of disease, prevention of disease, and improving a person’s quality of life, by balancing the body, mind, and spirit. - Belief - good health is achieved when one’s mind and body are in harmony.

Answer 131

-chiropractic -massage -reflexology

Answer 132

The theory of chiropractic rests on three theoretical assumptions, in that (1) spinal vertebrae become misplaced, (2) displacement of these vertebrae interferes with nerve action, and (3) manipulating the spine to realign the vertebrae removes the nerve interference, improving the flow of nervous stimulation

Answer 133

- involves various techniques to treat body stress or pain through the manipulation of soft tissues by touch - Registered massage therapist—professional title that is recognized in Canada - Manipulation of muscle and soft tissue may be useful to help reduce stress, depression, and anxiety in clients, but other than that, there is no significant evidence that supports its use for other conditions - Considered an adjunct (rather than alternative) health promotion therapy

Answer 134

- A reflexologist applies pressure with the thumbs to mapped points on the feet, hands, or both, by pressing deeply into the point to release tension and stimulate circulation of blood, lymph, and energy. - Reflexology is more than massage because practitioners believe that the points correspond to the organs of the body and that stimulating the points will stimulate the organs to heal.

Answer 135

- Uses naturally extracted oils from plants to balance, harmonize, and promote the health of body, mind, and spirit. - The therapeutic use of the oils may be via inhalation, external application, or ingestion. - There is some evidence that it may be effective for combating postoperative nausea and vomiting

Answer 136

-Qigong -Tai chi -Yoga -Dance

Answer 137

Qigong is combining relaxed movements with a meditative aspect and controlled breathing.

Answer 138

- Combined physical movement, breath control, meditation - Sequence of poses flows in an unbroken rhythm to balance energy flow - Brings awareness of moment-to-moment state of body - Produces meditative state

Answer 139

-meditation -mindfulness

Answer 140

- Focuses on calming thoughts or experiences - Promotes sense of well-being, relaxation - Visual or guided imagery encourages clients to relax by focusing on calming thoughts or experiences. Imagery is “a gentle but powerful technique that focuses and directs the imagination” in order to, among other things, promote a sense of well-being and to help people relax

Answer 141

- therapeutic touch - reiki - magnetic field therapy

Answer 142

- One of the goals of therapeutic touch is to reduce blockages - Human energy fields interact with environmental energy fields. - Involves no physical contact. - There is weak to no evidence for its efficacy.

Answer 143

- Universal energy of ki - A form of massage but rather a form of touch therapy intended to balance human energy. The therapist may not even touch the care recipient - Japanese Buddhist origin - No empirical evidence exists for its efficacy.

Answer 144

- In touch therapies such as therapeutic touch, healing touch, and reiki, among others, practitioners use their hands to direct life energies drawn from the environment to the individual in an effort to restore balance and harmony within the human energy system. During these therapies, the hands can be placed directly on the person’s body or at a distance from the body. - Touch therapy does not involve massage: either shiatsu, deep massage, or any other form of massage. In some forms of touch therapy, the therapist’s hands are placed on the care recipient’s body. With other forms of touch therapy, the therapist holds the hands near the care recipient’s body but does not actually touch the care recipient.