Exam Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Lymphatic System
A
cells and organs that deliver lymph to general circulation
2
Q
Lymph
A
Moving fluid derived from the blood and tissue (interstitual) fluid
3
Q
Four Main Lymphatic System function
A
1) return body fluids to blood stream (20L plasma filtered, 17 reabsorbed into capillaries and 3L returns as lymph
2) transports dietary lipids, large proteins, fat-soluble vitamin
3) transports cells of the immune system
4)contains lymph nodes which function as staging areas for developing immune response
4
Q
Flow of Lymphatic System
A
1) excess IF fluid into lymphatic capillaries
2) fluid collected into larger vessels
3)travels through 500-600 nodes
4)fluid empty into bloodstream by lymphatic ducts at JUGULAR AND SUBCLAVIAN veins
5
Q
Where do the lymphatic ducts drain fluid into the bloodstream?
A
Jugular and Subclavian veins
6
Q
Difference between Lymph and and IF
A
higher protein in one and found in lymph vessels, the other is lower in protein and fill spaces between cells
7
Q
Similarity of Lymph and IF
A
watery clear ECF which resembles blood plasma
8
Q
Which two networks lie side by side but remain independent of each other?
A
lymphatic and blood capillary networks
9
Q
What are main lymphatic trunks?
A
right lymphatic duct or thoracic
10
Q
What happens to lymphatic fluid before it’s returned to the heart?
A
it is returned to the systemic blood
11
Q
Is the overall drainage system symmetrical or asymmetrical?
A
Asymmetrical - lymph from upper right quadrant empty into right lymphatic duct and then RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
12
Q
Where does the lymph from the rest of the body drain?
A
into thoracic duct empty into the left subclavian vein
13
Q
What is Lymphokinesis
A
movement of lymph towards heart with help of valve and two pumps
14
Q
What is the pressure in the lymphatic system?
A
very low, as lymph moves quite lovely
15
Q
What supports the movement of lymph towards the heart?
A
A system a valves similar to veins
16
Q
What factors affect lymph return rates?
A
-physical activity
-changes in IF pressure
-rate and depth of respiration
-arterial pulsation and postural changes
-passive compression (massage) of soft tissues
17
Q
How does the respiratory pump work during inspiration?
A
diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing volume of thorax and decreasing pressure. Lymph pulled towards heart
18
Q
How does the respiratory pump work during expiration?
A
relaxed diaphragm, moves upward, decreasing volume of thorax and increasing pressure, PUSHING lymph into heart
19
Q
How does the skeletal pump work?
A
skeletal muscle contractions creating local area of high BP and opens valve to allow lymph to flow toward heart.
20
Q
What happens when pressure below the valve drops in the skeletal muscle pump?
A
the backward-flowing lymph fills in “pockets” made by the valve flaps, that pushes the flaps together and prevents backflow
21
Q
What are lymphocytes
A
t cell, b cell, plasma cells, and NKC
22
Q
What are lymphoid organs
A
location of maturation, proliferation, and selection of lymphocytes
23
Q
Primary lymphoid organs
A
red bone marrow and thymus gland
24
Q
Primary lymphoid organs
A
red bone marrow and thymus gland
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Which cells develop in red bone marrow?(lymph system)
B cells
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Which cells mature in the thymus gland (lymph system)?
T cells
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What is the function of secondary lymph organs?
locations where lymphocytes mount immune response from
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What are the secondary lymph organs?
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
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What is the thymus?
primary lymphoid organ between sternum and aorta
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What type of tissue holds the thymus lobes together?
Connective tissue
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What divides the thymus into lobules?
the trabecular which separate lobes and form capsule
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What are the two regions of the thymus?
inner and outer
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What is the inner region of the thymus?
Inner medulla: point of departure for thymocytes
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What is the outer region of the thymus?
Outer cortex: where thymocytes and phagocytes located
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Tonsils (secondary lymph organs)
develop immunity to common environmental pathogens that are eaten or inhaled. Eliminate pathogens that enter through the respiratory or digestive tract with lymphoid follicles.
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Lymph Nodes (secondary lymphoid organ)
mechanical and biological filtration of debris and pathogen from the lymph.
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What are afferent lymphatic vessels?
major route into the lymph node
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what Efferent lymphatic vessel?
major routes out of the lymph node
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What lines the sinuses between afferent and efferent vessels?
dendritic cells and fixed macrophages
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What are germinal centers in Lymph Nodes for?
sites of rapidly dividing B lymphocytes
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What is a lymphoid follicle
contain germinal centers, specific b cell-rich and t cell-rich area
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Spleen (secondary lymphoid organ)
dark red, fragile organ.
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Purpose of the spleen?
filter blood and a reservoir for blood
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What is white pulp?
surrounds the central arteriole, where T AND B cell's response mounted. Also contains germinal centers.
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What is red pulp?
network of fine reticular fiber. The filtration system of the blood. Contains fixed macrophages and dendritic cells that removed things from blood.
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Mucosal Immune Response
Major barriers to pathogen entering body
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What is Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue?
MALT, found in g-tract, breast tissue, lungs, eyes, with Peyer's patches in small intestine
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What is Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue?
BALT: in bronchi, between bronchi and arteries, works with tonsils
49
What are neutralizing bodies?
basis for vaccines, for example flu vaccine enhances IgA production
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What are end arteries?
arteries that diverge into capillaries
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What is arterial anastomosis?
arteries open into other branches of same of other arteries
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What are components of the Aorta?
Aorta, ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, thoracic aorta, the abdominal aorta.
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What is the aortic hiatus
opening in the diaphragm that allows aorta to pass through
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What part of the aorta is superior to aortic hiatus?
thoracic aorta
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Circle of Willis
1) Anterior cerebral artery: Supplies blood to frontal lobe of cerebrum
2) Middle cerebral artery: Supplies blood to temporal and parietal lobes: most common sites of CVAs
3) Ophthalmic artery: Supplies blood to the eyes
4) Anterior communicating artery: anastomosis formed from right and left anterior cerebral arteries
5) Posterior communicating artery: posterior portion which branches from the posterior cerebral artery
6) Basilar artery: anastomosis formed from two vertebral arteries and sends branches to cerebellum and brain stem
56
What are parts of systemic veins?
Vena cavae and it's branches
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What are large veins of the cranial cavity called?
dural sinuses
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Venous blood from waist up drain into what?
superior vena cava
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Which organ is excluded from draining venous blood into the superior vena cava from waist-up?
lung
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Where does venous blood from lower extremities drain to?
inferior vena cava
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What is normal circulation?
Blood flows from each ventricle into parallel circuits where it goes through a single capillary tissue bed before being returned to the heart
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What is a portal system?
blood travels from one capillary bed to another without returning to heart
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What is the hypophyseal portal system?
blood from superior hypophyseal artery delivers hypothalamic hormones directly into anterior pituitary without going through heart
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What is Hepatic Portal system?
venous blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, and intestine travel through this portal system to the liver where it mixes with arterial blood and is eventually drained to inferior vena cava
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Fetal Circulation
1) placenta: site of gas, nutrient, waste, exchange between maternal and fetal blood
2) umbilical arteries: deliver deoxygenated fetal blood from the fetus to the placenta
3) Umbilical vein: delivers oxygenated fetal blood from the placenta to the fetus. Blood travels from fetal liver.
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Ductus venous
extension of umbilical vein which drains into inferior vena cava, allowing most blood to bypass liver in fetus
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foramen ovale
opening in septum. diverts most of blood in pulmonary circuit to Systemic circuit in fetus
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Duct arteriosus
connects pulmonary trunk with aortic arch, also diverts most blood in pulmonary circuit to systemic circuit in fetus
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Changes in Circulation at birth
Changes that occur shortly after birth
Placenta is expelled as “afterbirth” along with part of the umbilical vessels
Umbilical vein becomes the round ligament of liver
Umbilical arteries become the umbilical ligaments
Foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis
Ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum of the liver
Ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
***the pulmonary vessels stop being constricted. so systematic circulation rises above the pulmonary circulation pressure
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SV
stroke volume (blood pumped on each contraction)
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CO
cardiac output (amount of blood pumped by each ventricle)
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EDV : end-diastolic volume
blood in ventricle at START of ventricular contraction
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ESV : end-systolic volume
blood in the ventricle at END of ventricular contraction
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EF - ejection fraction
percentage of blood ejected from the heart in each contraction
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Cardiac reserve
difference between maximum and resting CO, residual capacity of heart to plump blood
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Variable Determining Stroke Volume
1. Preload: stretch on the ventricles prior to contraction, proportional to EDV. dependent on filling time (duration of ventricular diastole when ventricular filling occurs) and is reduced with increased HR
2. Contractility: force or strength of the contraction, proportional to SV and inversely proportional to ESV
3. Afterload: force generated by the ventricles to pump blood against resistance in blood vessels, proportional to blood pressure in blood vessels
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Positive inotropic factors
increase contractility (i.e NE)
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Negative inotropic factors
decrease contractility (i.e ACh)
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Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume: venous return, filling time, hormones
Heart Rate: atrial reflex, hormone
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Baroreceptors
stretch receptors which monitor volume of blood in blood vessels
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Chemoreceptors
Monitor CO2, H (pH), O2
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Proprioreceptors
level of physical activity. Skeletal muscle, joint capsule, tendons
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Limbic System
monitor emotional state, really stress/anxiety/excitement
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Cardiac Plexus
where nerves travel to the SA and AV nodes
**SA and AV nodes work to contract upper and lower heart
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Cardioaccelerator region
-stimulate HR
-Sympathetic stimulation through ganglia
-Increases ventricular contraction
86
Cardioinhibitory Centre
- decrease heart rate
- Parasympathetic stimulation through the vagus nerve
- most innervation (the network of nerves that are responsible for the functioning of the heart) travel to Atria
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PNS releases ACh
K leaves cell, slower repolarization, HR slows down
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SNS releases NE
Na and Ca enter cell, faster repolarization, HR speeds up
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Vasomotor Control Mechanism
reflex mechanism to main BP and blood distrubution. It contracts and relaxed SMOOTH MUSCLE
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Types of Vasomotor Control Mechanism
1) Medullary ischemic reflex: triggered by decreased blood flow to the medulla
2) Vasomotor chemoeceptor reflexes: triggered by hypercapnia & hypoxia
3) Vasomotor baroreceptor reflexes: triggered by changes in blood pressure
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baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex
decrease in CO -> HR/SV/CO + vasocontractions increase -> high BP and blood flow
increase in CO and BP -> HR/SV/CO decrease + vasodilation increase -> BP and blood flow decrease
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BLOOD LOSS -> LOW BP and BLOOD VOLUME
Endocrine mechanism: ADH, RASS, EPO activate
Neural Mechanisms, SNS: cardiovascular centers activated
**both work to increase BP
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Functional Division of Respiratory Tract
Conducting zone and Respiratory Zone
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Conducting Zone (functional division)
route for incoming and outgoing air, removes debris and pathogens from incoming air. Oxygen structures NOT directly involved in gas exchange.
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Respiratory Zone (functional division)
area for gas exchange. Called bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries.
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Anatomical divisions of Resp Tract
Upper, Lower, and Accessory Structures
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Upper respiratory tract (anatom. div)
nose, all three larynx spots. Outside thorax
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Lower resp tract. Inside thorax.
trachea, bronchi, lungs
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Accessory Structures
oral cavity, rib cage, respiratory muscle.
100
The Nose
External nose: surface and skeletal structures giving outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its numerous functions
Internal nose (nasal cavity) is divided by the septum into left and right sides, each with 3 meatuses and 3 conchae (inferior, middle, superior): Connects to pharynx, nasolacrimal ducts, and paranasal sinuses
Meatuses and conchae
- lined with mucous membrane
- increase surface area
- disrupt air flow as it enters the nose: air bounces along the epithelium, where it is cleaned and warmed.
- conserve water and prevent dehydration: traps water during exhalation
101
What type of epithelium makes up the respiratory epithelium in the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchial ->*changes to simple columnar closer to smaller levels
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
102
Bronchi Tree Structure
23 levels of branching which starts of the division of the trachea into right and left primary bronchi at the carina, a raised structure with specialized nervous tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present.
As the bronchi becomes smaller and more numerous, the proportion of cartilage decreases while that of the smooth muscle increases. Cartilage rings 🡪 cartilage plates 🡪 elastic fibers
Smooth muscle can contract and relax to cause bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation to adjust air flow.
Primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchiole → → → terminal bronchioles (1000/lung) → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts and alveoli (location of gas exchange)
103
Type 1 Alveolar cell
most numerous, highly permeable to gases
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Type 2 Alveolar Cell
produces surfactant fluid composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension
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What is surfactant produced by?
Type 2 alveolar cells
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About Surfactant
-Properties of surfactant: reduces the cohesiveness of water
-How surfactant works: Surfactant coats the inner surface of alveoli to reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid: prevents alveoli from collapsing
- Surfactant helps to increase compliance of the lungs as it affects how easily the alveoli can expand
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Pleura of Lungs
Visceral, Parietal, Pleural, Pleural Fluid
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Visceral Pleura
inner layer covering lungs extending into AND lines lung fissuers
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Parietal Pleura
outer layer, lines entire thoracic cavity
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Pleural Cavity
space between visceral and parietal layers
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Pleural Fluid
released by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers to lubricate surfaces. Prevent trauma while breathing. The tension that maintains lung positions, this in turn causes the expansion of the thoracic cage
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Bronchoconstriction
parasympathetic system
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Bronchodilation
sympathetic system
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Reflexes (coughing, o2/co2 level regulation)
autonomic nervous system
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What does the Pulmonary artery do?
carry deoxygenated blood from RV to alveoli
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what do the Pulmonary capillaries do?
The O2 enters blood and C02 leaves the blood to alveoli air
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Pulmonary Vein
carries oxygenated blood from alveoli to LA
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Interlobular Septum in Lungs
separates lobules from one another
