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1
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Bacteria - No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, cell membrane, cell wall.

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Plants/Animals- Nucleus, large vacuole, cell membrane

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3
Q

Unicellular

A

Made up of only 1 cell.

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4
Q

Multicellular

A

Composed of more than 1 cell.

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell.

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis.

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Protein sorting, packaging and modification for use in the cell or export.

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Using photosynthesis to make sugar.

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration; uses sugar to make energy.

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10
Q

cell wall

A

Found in only plant cells to protect.

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11
Q

vacuole

A

Stores fluid.

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth: Production of lipids.
Rough: Synthesis and modification of proteins.
These membranes move substances around in the cell.

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13
Q

osmosis

A

Water molecules from a low concentration of solute to a high concentration of solute.-

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14
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration (Passive).

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15
Q

active uptake/transport

A

Uses energy
Bulk Transport; Type of transport that uses vesicles to move large molecules or groups of molecules in or out of the cell.
→ Exocytosis (exit the cell )
→ Endocytosis ( enter the cell )

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16
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules cross through a membrane via a specific transmembrane integral protein.

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17
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Method of reproduction that produces genetically identical cells, Producing offspring without the fusion of gametes.
- Budding.
- Fragmentation.
- Vegetive Propagation.
- Sporogensis.
- Parthenogenesis

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18
Q

binary fission

A

A type of asexual reproduction where one organism divides into two identical organisms

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19
Q

budding

A

Cells form a bud and break away to form a clone.

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20
Q

vegetative propagation

A

The plant grows from fragments eg. roots or cuttings from parent

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21
Q

Large surface area to volume ratio is good for ………………..

A

The diffusion rate is faster. (small cells)

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22
Q

Apoptosis-types

A

​​Intrinsic - mitochondrial; Initiated by the detection of internal cellular damage.
Extrinsic-death ligand; Initiated by the reception of extracellular death signalling molecules.

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23
Q

Blebbing

A

Apoptic bodies are detached from the cell.

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24
Q

potency of cells

A

Measure of a stem cell’s capacity to differentiate into different, specialised cell types.
Note that potency is ½ of the 2 properties of stem cells; the other property is self-renewal (their capacity to replicate without disturbing their ability to differentiate)

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25
multipotent
stem cells that can differentiate into a limited number of specialised cell types belonging to a specific tissue or organ (e.g. adult stem cells)
26
pluripotent
stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types (e.g. embryonic stem cells)
27
totipotent
stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type (e.g. a zygote)
28
integrity
encourages a full commitment to knowledge and understanding as well as the honest reporting of all sources of information and results
29
justice
encourages fair consideration of competing claims, and ensures that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action
30
respect
encourages the acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living things, and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collectives
31
beneficence
seeks to maximise benefits when taking a particular position or course of action (and minimise risks?)
32
non-maleficence
discourages causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any position or course of action (benefits of the study, eg the implications of results should outweigh the harm required)
33
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Double stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides (made of a nitrogen base, sugar molecule (ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA), and phosphate group) , DNA carries instructions for proteins A gene is a section of dna that carries the code for making a protein
34
chromosome
the structure made of protein and nucleic acids that carries genetic information
35
autosomes
one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
36
somatic cells
Everything but sex cells, contain 46 chromosones in humans (2n, diploid)
37
sex cells
Sperm and egg cells
38
diploid
2 sets of chromosomes. 2n.
39
haploid
a single set of chromosomes. n.
40
zygote
A fertilised egg.
41
sex-determining chromosomes
XX = Female. Xy = Male
42
gamete
Reproductive cell.
43
genome
Entire set of DNA.
44
genotype
The letter that expresses the allele. Eg; B=Brown, b=white
45
phenotype
What gene the allele expresses. Eg; Black or white.
46
heterozygous
Different Alleles; both dominant and recessive.
47
carrier
Carries a recessive allele.
48
Dominant
Dominant traits are always expressed.
49
recessive
Is always covered by the Dominant allele.
50
test cross
Find possible allele combinations.
51
codominance
In the inheritance of co-dominant alleles, neither allele is dominant or recessive, so both alleles are shown equally. rrxww=rw (red and white spots, so roan)
52
sex linked inheritance
Shows the dominant/recessive inheritance but genes are carried on the X chromosome not the autosome. X can carry, Colourblindness and Haemophilia.
53
loci/locus
A physical site or location within a genome.
54
homeostasis
calm
55
DNA methylation
Methyl groups tag DNA and activate or repress genes.
56
epigenetic mechanisms
(Epigenetics) are External factors that influence how a gene is expressed. Phenotypes are influenced by DNA interactions that modify the expression of genes. The Types: DNA methylation; Methyl groups tag DNA and activate or repress genes. Histone modification; Winding of DNA.
57
Adaptations
Changes to the organism to adapt to certain environments.
58
physiological
Changes to internal mechanisms.
59
structural
Changes to physical appearance.
60
behavioural
Changes to actions.
61
photosynthesis
Uses the sun to make energy.
62
chloroplast
Photosynthesis into sugar
63
respiration
Exchange of Oxygen and CO2. - Thylokoid. - Granum
64
isotonic
Extracellurlar and intercellular conecntarions of solutes are Equal
65
hypotonic
O for low- the extracellurlar concentration of solute is lower than in the cell → the water from the outside goes into the cell
66
hypertonic
Er for higher, the extracellular concentration of solute is higher than cell → water leaves the cell
67
transpiration
Evaporation of water from leaves and movement of liquids up the xylem (water drawn up from the xylem). water evaporates from the leaf and exits through the stomata.
68
leaf structure
Roots → Steam → Leaf.
69
xylem
Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves of the plant.
70
phloem
Transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.
71
valid experiment
The extent to which the investigation supports findings and conclusions.
72
reliable
How true information is.
73
reproducible
Complete the experiment in different conditions to get the same results.
74
precision
How close each value is to each other (how close they agree).
75
karyotype
Whole set of chromosomes.
76
independent variable
What is being manipulated.
77
dependent variable
What is being measured
78
controlled variables
Stays the same; held constant
79
quantitative data
Numerical., objective
80
Qualitative data
literature. Non-numerical, subjective
81
somatic cell transfer
the transference of a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated(a cell that has had its nucleus removed or destroyed) egg cell. In steps: 1. Enucleation – Destruction/removal of the nucleus from the donator egg so it can be enucleated. 2 Extraction – Extract somatic cells nucleus. 3 Insertion – Insert the nucleus into the egg 4 Development – Develop into an embryo and implanted into surrogate mother
82
embryo transfer
the division of an early embryo into several individual embryos
83
keystone species
Top of the food chain, if removed there will be problems with the ecosystem.
84
Ways First Nations people manage ecosystems
- Utilising fire to maintain crops - Relationship between quandong trees and emus. (emu eats the fruit from the tree, and seeds pass through the digestive system so germinate).
85
Meiosis
Prophase 1 + 2. Metaphase 1 + 2. Anaphase 1 +2. Telophase 1 + 2. Cytokinesis.
86
Prophase 1
- Chromosomes condense. - Nuclear membrane breaks down. - Crossover can occur in a random assortment. Crossover is the exchange of DNA, between paired homologous pairs.
87
Metaphase 1
Chromosomes line up on the equator in homologous pairs.
88
Anaphase 1
- Spindle fibres shorten. - Chromosome pairs separate towards the poles.
89
Telophase 1
Double-stranded chromosomes at the poles. Then the cell splits, cytokinesis.
90
Prophase 2
- Chromosomes condense. - Spindle fibres begin to form. - 2 sister chromatids.
91
Metaphase 2
- Chromosomes line up on the equator, (singular). - Spindle fibres attach.
92
Anaphase 2
- Chromatids separate. - Chromosomes become single-stranded and move to poles.
93
Telophase 2
Single-stranded chromosomes are at the poles. Then cytokinesis.
94
Stages of Interphase.
G1 Synthesis G2 Then Mitosis.
95
G1 Phase
Grows and make sure it has the right proteins. Checks DNA after cell division.
96
Synthesis Phase.
DNA replication.
97
G2 Phase
Cell activity prepares for cell division, periods of high metabolic activity and protein synthesis. Check to see if the DNA is right. Preparation for cell division. Growth.

Biology (7 decks)

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