Exam Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What are the constituents of the spartan polis? What are their roles?
A
- Spartiates - citizens, only job is to prepare for war.
- Periokoi - from the first expansion. Were the enslaved population from Messenia, were master craftspeople. Ran businesses, traded. Not allowed to participate in politics but were expected to serve in army (hoplites).
- Helots - enslaved from the second Spartan expansion. Expected to take care of agriculture, had no rights. If belonged to the state, the enslaved would be “leased” out for whatever purpose. Could change status by volunteering for light infantry, would gain rights by doing so.
2
Q
What are three key notes made about the women of Sparta (from unreliable sources)?
A
- Not allowed to participate in politics
- Women were expected to engage in a fitness regime until they were married
- ALLOWED TO OWN PROPERTY (could inherit through the passing of their father)
3
Q
What claim did Athens make regarding the women of Sparta? Why did they make this claim?
A
They were immodest. Believed so because Spartan women were allowed to engage in fitness.
4
Q
What was Aristotle’s argument regarding slavery?
A
Aristotle argued that some people were naturally meant to be enslaved; believed that these people were irrational with their body ruling over their mind so they must be enslaved for their own protection.
5
Q
What are the defining traits of the enslaved?
A
- Subjection to absolute power. - anything could be done to an enslaved person.
- Natal Alienation - the enslaved would have total separation from their existing family as well as their “future” family (not allowed to start a family as they have no power)
- Utter dishonor - no bodily autonomy, could be inspected for “defects” out in the open, nude for everyone to see.
6
Q
How were enslaved individuals acquired?
A
- Born into slavery through enslaved mothers
- Bought/Traded (specifically from the north and the east)
- War (through defeating a city, the citizens could be enslaved)
- Kidnapping by land/sea
7
Q
What were the two major hubs for buying and selling enslaved people?
A
- Aegina
- During the Hellenistic period, Delos became a major hub
8
Q
The seller of an enslaved individual was expected to disclose what?
A
Any hidden “defects”, such as if the enslaved has seizures, any health issues etc.. anything that would impair their ability to work.
9
Q
What were the four traits of an enslaved person that would consider them to be more valuable?
A
- Youth - if they were young, you could get more work done from them over time.
- Strength - if they were strong, they could lift heavier things.
- Beauty - if they were beautiful, it would contribute to the status of the enslaver.
- Specialized skills - if the enslaved already had specialized skills that they could perform, they would be purchased for more money.
10
Q
What was the average cost of an enslaved person in drachmae? In CAD?
A
179 Drachma, 32 220 cad.
11
Q
List the 5 domains of an enslaved person.
A
- Mining
- Agriculture
- Craftwork/Trades
- Domestic
- Sex work
12
Q
Describe some aspects of an enslaved person working in the mines.
A
-It was considered to be a mindless, dangerous job.
-Life expectancy was very low in this field
-Children were a premium for this work because they are small and could fit easily into the tunnels that were mined
-Jobs within mining consisted of digging shafts, carrying ore to the surface as well as washing the ore.
13
Q
Describe some aspects of an enslaved person working in agriculture.
A
It was a seasonal position and because of this, farmers with small plots of land would lease enslaved people for part time labor.
14
Q
Describe some aspects of an enslaved person working in craftwork or trades.
A
1.A Metic could gain extra income through buying an enslaved person, training them and then working alongside them.
***Wealthier citizens would not work alongside the enslaved.
2.Highly skilled enslaved people may be granted certain privileges (could live independently if a certain amount of money was regularly given to the enslaver, could marry/start a family)
15
Q
Describe some aspects of an enslaved person performing domestic services.
A
-Usually performed by women (among the wealthy, sometimes the enslaved person would have more freedom than the woman of the household)
-Perform duties such as nursing, weaving, childcare, cleaning, fetching water.
-The enslaved person could also gain the position of “Paedagogue” where they would be entrusted with the education of young children.
16
Q
Describe some aspects of an enslaved person working in the sex trade.
A
-Women were found in brothels, men were found in cubicles or would meet in graveyards.
-Freedom could be purchased but there were few alternative ways of earning income (they could return to sex work or men also had the option of becoming a sex trafficker)
17
Q
What are the three types of well known jobs in sex work?
A
- Auletrides - flute girls, depicted naked and playing an aulos. Entertained at symposia or provided music for religious festivals.
- Hetairai - companions, could be a companion for a very long time. These women lived independently and could purchase their freedom. They were also well educated, skilled socially and were the most expensive type of sex worker to purchase.
- Pallake - long term companion, acted as a concubine living with a man as though you are husband and wife.
18
Q
What were three domains of work for public slaves?
A
- Enslaved bureaucracy - These enslaved individuals were literate, numerate highly skilled. Worked as secretaries and accountants that ensured the smooth operation of government (especially important in Athens; lottery system for political position). Responsible for keeping detailed records of public contracts, confiscated property, rents from public lands and managing currency.
- Scythian Archers - acted as a police force, security for public events, guards at jails as well as executioners.
- Other Public slaves would maintain civic infrastructure, building, repairing, cleaning roads, maintaining public sanctuaries as well as other spaces.
19
Q
What were the two primary punishments used on enslaved individuals?
A
- Violent/Physical - whippings, beatings etc.
- Deprivations - food, shelter, clothing etc.
20
Q
What are examples of rewards that enslaved individuals could receive? Why were gifts sometimes a bad thing?
A
-Could receive better food, clothing as well as the privilege of starting a family.
-By being given things and privileges, the enslaver would be able to take more away from the enslaved.
21
Q
What was an enslavers ultimate tool of coercion?
A
Allowing the enslaved to believe that if they behaved a certain way then they could be freed.
22
Q
If an enslaved person was freed (in Athens), how would their status change? What was a stipulation regarding freedom?
A
If an enslaved person was freed, they would receive the status of a metic and would be sponsored by their previous enslaver.
Once the status changed to Metic, –they would granted the right of getting married, allowed to start a family and earn an income.
BUT
-they would often still owe obligations to their previous master; sometimes being freed would have an explicit contract of ongoing service.
23
Q
Describe eight ways the Greeks would come into contact with Non-Greeks.
A
- Through violence (war, capturing slaves)
- Trade (the creation of trading posts; Athens exported olive oil, imported grain and timber)
- Raids and piracy
- Migration (negative - forced to migrate, 1200-1000 B.C & positive - a sign of flourishing and not having enough space, 800 - 450 B.C)
- Diplomacy (alliances could drag multiple Greek states into war)
- Forced deportation (a conquered state might be deported; Miletus was deported to Mesopotamia)
- Exile (Hippias was exiled and he moved to Persia)
- Employment (specialized skills, musicians, medical practitioners, MERCENARIES -were hired by Babylonian and Persian kings often)
24
Q
What did the Greeks believe to be the center of the world?
A
Delphi. They believed that the further out you went, the more bizarre the world became.
25
What was notable regarding the Lydians?
1. Lydia was the inventor of the coinage that the Greeks adopted.
2. Lived a life of indulgence and luxury; nobles of Greece believed they deserved to live this way as Greek thinking had eroded the engagement of luxury.
3. Positive view of luxury and the Lydians were removed after the Persian wars.
26
After the Persian wars, how were the Lydians viewed by the Ancient Greeks?
The east was depicted as effeminate, emotional, corrupt, indulgent and servile.
27
List some elements that are considered to be Greek but have been adopted from other cultures.
1. Cycladic proportionality
2. Minoan art, palaces, linear B
3. Adopted gods (Isis, Aphrodite)
4. Greek heroes were patterned after Gilgamesh (Sumerian hero)
5. The Greek alphabet as well as the concept of the "polis" were taken from the Phoenicians (Italy)
6. Symposium as well as other aspects of nobility were taken from the Lydians, Syrians and Italians
7. Some iconography (patterns/forms) in Greek art (especially during the Orientalizing period, 750 - 650 B.C)
8. Greek sculptures were adopted from the Egyptians
9. Greek temples were adopted from Egyptians
10. Coinage came from Lydia
11. Philosophy and science came from the Babylonians and Egyptians
28
What was the difference between Greek thinking and Egyptian and Phoenician thinking regarding illness?
Greeks embraced natural theories regarding illness and remedies. The Egyptians and Phoenicians believed that illness came from the gods and to become healthy, you would have to make it right with the gods.
29
Who is the best known ancient physician?
Hippocrates
30
What are the four humors?
The humors are the liquids running through veins and arteries.
1. blood
2. yellow bile
3. black bile
4. phlegm
31
What are the key oppositions between properties?
1. Hot and cold
2. Dry and wet
32
What are some broad ways to correct the imbalance of humors?
1. Change of diet (too much phlegm = drink less water, more grains/food
2. Medicine
3. Lifestyle changes (too much phlegm = move inland/away from coast)
4. Surgery
33
What are three examples of treatment options regarding illness in ancient Greece?
1. Ointments - rubbed onto an open wound with a goal of the wound producing pus (they believed pus to be a sign of healing)
2. Ephedra was used to treat congestion
3. Surgery - there were both simple and complex surgeries (simple - remove an object lodged in wound and then close the wound; complex - removing cataracts or bladder stones, trepanation
34
What was the typical lifespan of a man? Of a woman? Why was this the case?
1. If a man survived war, he was expected to live between the ages of 60-70
2. If a woman survived childbirth, she was expected to live between the ages of 45-55.
3. This was because in general, men received higher quality of food as well as were expected to stay active so their bodies were better equipped to fight off diseases.
35
In what ways were childbirth and pregnancy a significant health challenge for women?
1. Many women died from childbirth due to infections
2. Cutting the umbilical cord was a source of infection for enfants
36
Why would %50 of children that survived childbirth not survive till adulthood?
Food was often contaminated and many children suffered from malnourishment. Diseases such as scurvy, anemia, measles, diphtheria and the mumps.
37
How would diseases spread rapidly throughout the polis?
1. Cities being filled with garbage, rats, sewage and insects.
2. Soldiers coming home from war would often bring diseases back with them.
3. Houses were clustered together
4. Houses full of smoke from fire burning and having no method of removing the pollutants
5. Most of the population engaged in physical labor and would therefore experience chronic pain. (no unions and government enforcing safe work conditions)
38
What are four sad facts regarding those with disabilities?
1. Children with a cleft pallet or malformed limbs may be left to die of exposure.
2. Children with physical disabilities would be hidden
3. Those with visible disabilities would be reminded they were of lesser value (would be excluded from temenos and public office but could be entertainers or blacksmiths)
4. Often not granted burials
39
What are four traits defined as masculine?
1. Rational
2. Active/doer
3. Superior
4. Dominant
40
What are four traits defined as feminine?
1. Irrational/emotional
2. Passive (have things done to you)
3. Inferior
4. Submissive
41
What was believed to be the cause of menstruation?
Women absorbing too much moisture, therefore menstruation was a way of releasing the moisture to bring balance back to the body.
42
Women's bodies were expected to be covered, why?
1. To exhibit sophrosyne (feminine virtue of modesty)
2. Their bodies were seen as "shameful"
3. A physical element of controlling women
43
How was the ideal woman represented through animals?
Bees; busy, always something to do, keeping the house/hive in order.
44
What were educational systems were designed for?
They were designed to help citizens take up their expected roles in society.
45
What are four key purposes of an oikos?
1. Its function was to sustain its members (providing shelter, food and drink and clothing)
2. Drawing kleos to itself (members of the house would draw glory not only for themself but for the entire house; no one should bring shame upon the house)
3. Economic driver
4. Woman's role was within the structure
46
Who are members of the oikos?
1. Kyrios
2. Wife
3. Children
4. Unmarried female relatives
5. Enslaved people
6. Freed enslaved person
7. Employees
8. Guests
9. Ancestors
10. Future heirs
47
What was the heart of the oikos?
Marriage
48
When were girls married off?
Shortly after menstruation.
49
How were marriages arranged among nobles?
1. Father of the girl would look amongst friends or find a man/boy of wealth, status, and good character.
2. Father would then bring a dowery of 5-10% of total wealth to the suitor
3. If a suitable match was found, the father would pledge his daughter to and future dowery to the suitor (engue).
4. The daughter would then be passed of to the husband as property (ekdosis).
5. Woman would retain the dowery in the marriage.
50
What did girls learn in education?
1. Learned textiles
2. Accounting (would perform duties as wife of the kyrios)
3. Basic first aid
4. Administration (wife would ensure all the jobs of the house were being done)
5. Childcare
51
Who oversaw death rituals? Why?
Women were in charge of death rituals, this was because women dealt with miasma through childbirth so it would make sense for them to handle death. (They brought life, it made sense for them to send off the dead)
52
What did the Greeks believe to be true regarding women and death?
Women existed in a liminal space; they existed in the world of the dead and the world of the living.
53
What are two death rituals preformed by women?
1. Prothesis - laying the body of the deceased, followed by a grieving period.
2. Ekphora - Bringing the body to the cemetery
54
What are four popular Greek athletic festivals? What year were they established and where? How often did these festivals take place?
1. Olympics - Olympia, est. 776 B.C, every four years
2. Pythian - Delphi, est. 586 B.C, every four years
3. Isthmian - Corinth, est. 582 B.C, every two years
4. Nemean - Nemea, est. 573 B.C, every two years
55
What are some characteristics of a Panhellenic/Stephanitic athletic festival?
1. Developed from traditional cultic games (events like running/music)
2. Celebrated at interstate, panhellenic sanctuaries
3. Open participation
4. Inexpensive but prestigious prizes given to the victor
5. Objective judging
6. Organized and funded by dedicated bodies
7. "Non War" games, promoted peace
56
What are some characteristics of a Civic/Chrematitic athletic festival?
1. Developed from Homeric funerary games (included horse events)
2. Celebrated within the polis
3. Closed participation
4. Expensive prizes given to first, second and third place
5. Subjective judging
6. Organized and funded by local government
7. "War" games, promoted military preparedness
57
When would the Olympics take place?
Every four years, at the second full moon after the summer solstice.
58
During the classical period, how many days did the Olympic last? What did the festival days include?
The Olympics lasted for five days.
Included in the festival was
-Procession
-Sacrifices
-Feasting
***in addition to the athletic events
59
Which polis claimed responsibility for administering the Olympics?
Elis
60
10 ---------- were appointed to run all aspects of the competitions and exercise broad authority over athletes and spectators.
Hellanodikai; judges of the Greeks
61
What were some responsibilities of the Hellanodikai?
1. Ensure all competitors were free, male Greeks
2. Tabulated the ages of the competitors
3. Established a list of competitors for each event
4. Ensured rules were followed
5. Identified visitors
6. Awarded prizes
62
Competitors had to train for how many months leading up to the Olympics?
10 months; the final month of training happened at Elis, under scrutiny of the Hellanodikai
63
What was the five day structure of the Olympics?
Day One - oath ceremony, boy's events, prayers, sacrifices
Day Two - athlete procession, equestrian events, pentathlon, minor nocturnal sacrifice to Pelops
Day Three - full moon, general procession, major midday sacrifice to Zeus, footraces, public feast (HEART OF FESTIVAL)
Day Four - combat events, hoplite races
Day Five - procession, coronation of victors, public feast, concluding the festival
64
What was the prize for winners of each Olympic event?
A crown woven from leafy olive twigs; twigs were harvested from the trees growing within the Altis
65
What were the three categories of athletic competition?
1. Athletics proper
2. Combat sports
3. Equestrian events
66
What was the oldest competitive event held at the Olympics?
footraces
67
What were the three lengths of a nude foot race and what were they called?
1. Stadion - 1 length (200m)
2. Diaulos - 2 lengths / 1 lap (400m)
3. Dolichos - 20/24 laps (8/9.6km)
68
What was the hoplitodromos?
A fourth footrace where the runners would wear helmets and greaves while carrying a shield. They would run for two lengths, final athletic event of the festival.
69
Which events were included in a pentathlon?
1. broad jump
2. discus
3. javelin
4. stadion
5. wrestling
70
How was the winner of a pentathlon determined?
First athlete to win 3 events, won the overall event.
71
What were three kinds of combat events?
1. boxing
2. wrestling
3. pankration
72
What were two exceptions for the equestrian events?
1. The rider may not have have had to complete the event naked
2. Slaves could participate as a chariot driver/jockey but could not arrange participation nor win an event on their behalf.
73
What is an example of a Panhellenic athletic festival? A civic athletic festival?
Panhellenic - Olympics
Civic - Greater Panathenaia
74
Who administered the Greater Panathenaia at Athens?
10 athlothetai; one selected from each tribe.
75
In terms of prizes for athletic festivals, Athens was famous for what?
Athens was famous for the extraordinary monetary value of the prizes given to the victors
76
For the Athenian, Greater Panathenaia festival, which two competitions were awarded gold and silver crowns?
Musical and dramatic competitions
77
What are two of Athens most famous commodities?
Sacred olive oil and luxury amphorae
78
What type of poetry was Dactylic Hexameter and what was the structure?
-Epic
-one long line followed by two short lines (think of your finger)
79
What was the festival Dionysia?
A drama competition between three competitors. Competitors would create 4 plays; 3 tragedies and 1 satyr
80
Describe five characteristics of tragedies.
1. Only two actors were allowed on stage (eventually expanded to three)
2. Inclusion of a chorus
3. Only male actors
4. Actors wore masks
5. Skill of playwright was seen in how he could adapt the different meters the chorus was using
81
Describe four characteristics of Satyr plays.
1. 12 chorus members (eliminating some emphasis on their involvement)
2. Only two actors
3. Plays were written in Iambic Trimeter
4. Lighter topics compared to tragedies.
82
Where did satyr and tragedy plays emerge from?
Dithyramb
83
What is the difference between comedy and tragedy and setting?
Comedy - often takes place in present historic world of Athens
Tragedy - Often takes place in the old world of legend
84
What is the difference between comedy and tragedy and characters?
Comedy - Contemporary Athenians (often mocked)
Tragedy - Old legends, heroes, gods
85
What is the difference between comedy and tragedy and plots?
Comedy - Fantastic (unrealistic), earthy vulgar language
Tragedy - Grounded in reality
86
What is the difference between comedy and tragedy and conclusions?
Comedy - Ends with celebration
Tragedy - Ends with horror
87
What are some characteristics of the Early Iron, Sub Mycenaean (1200-1050 B.C) period of ceramics?
Quality of pots greatly decline
-fewer vase shapes
-no more figural art
-ambition of the artist is at its lowest point
88
What are some characteristics of the Early Iron Protogeometric period (1050 - 900 B.C) of ceramics?
Introduction of geometry
- better quality of material and glaze
- increased quality of form
- technological advances (faster potters wheel)
89
What are some characteristics of the Early Iron, Geometric period (900 - 750 B.C) of ceramics?
Major advances; Athens is dominant in the production of pottery
- art design covers the entire pot
- return of figural art
90
What was a characteristic feature of Athenian pottery?
The use of red clay
91
What are some characteristics of the Archaic, Orientalizing period (700 - 600 B.C) of ceramics?
Greek adaptation and adoption from the east
-conscious move away from geometry (more fluidity and realism)
-more variation (inconsistent patterns)
-artist would use a slip to cover the entire vase
-polychromy (experimentation with color)
92
What are some characteristics of the Archaic, Black Figure period (600 - 500 B.C) of ceramics?
-repeated patterns (details were shived)
-men depicted black and women depicted white
-designs placed on amphora
-PRIZES GIVEN AT PANHELLENIC GAMES CONTINUED TO BE BLACK FIGURE EVEN THROUGH THE RED FIGURE PERIOD
93
What are some characteristics of the Archaic, Red Figure period (500 - 323 B.C) of ceramics?
-technique allowed for more detailed artwork while using a paintbrush
-easier to execute interlocking figures
-often depicts symposia going badly (drunken stupor, heavy drinking, men reaching to touch the auletrides; giving up on drinking elegantly and body ruling the mind)
94
Who was the Parthenon dedicated to?
Athena
95
What is an important and helpful characteristic of Hellenistic art?
The characters depicted were often labelled allowing for people now, to be able to know what the art is depicting with certainty.
96
A Hellenistic statue of Aphrodite was depicted in what way, that was very out of character for the Greeks?
She was nude.
97
What are two characteristics of the figures depicted in Hellenistic sculptures?
1. Figures are seen in motion
2. Immense emotion is portrayed on the faces of the people depicted, unseen in the Archaic period of art.
98
What were the four Greek elements of the universe? What properties were assigned to each element?
Fire - dry and hot
Water - wet and cold
Air - hot and wet
Earth - cold and dry
99
What was the goal of philosophy?
The goal was to explain divine things by way of natural explanation based on observations made about the world.
100
What did Anaximander (b. 610 B.C) believe to be true of the elements of the universe?
Through the process of injustice the properties emerged which therefore created the elements.
101
What was a criticism of Thales (ca. 625 - ca. 545 B.C) theory of the cosmos? Of Anaximander (b.610 B.C)? Of Anaximenes (fl. Ca. 548/7 B.C)?
Thales - how does fire come from water?
Anaximander - still unable to verify the creation of the universe through the theory of the "infinite"
Anaximenes - why choose air? any element could be chosen, there isn't definitive proof of one element being more basic to the universe than any other.
102
What is philosophical dialect?
There's a theory, you then criticize the theory and elaborate (create your own theory) based on the problem you are criticizing.
103
What is a unique trait to a philosophers way of thinking?
Cannot except any answers that cannot be tested.
104
What were sophists known for?
Sophists were known for setting themselves up in the Agora and inviting people that passed by to engage in conversation. They were seen as masters of rhetoric.
105
Sophists were masters of ---?
Rhetoric
106
Why was Socrates executed?
1. Believed his refusal of educating was oligarchic and rejecting democratic fundamental principles
2. Socrates was associated with people that were notorious in Athens
3. Not believing in the gods that the city believes in
107
Describe the concept of "Platonic metaphysics" (the nature of reality).
It was a theory of Plato of his belief of the nature of reality. He thought there was a harsh black line separating the better world and the worse world.
He thought that people lived in the worse world that was defined by change, becoming and existence and is investigated through the senses. He believed that the worse world evaded knowledge because of the constant change that exists.
The better world was defined by being, essence, changelessness and reason and was investigated through the mind. Everything in the better world is described as the form with the highest form being the "good".
108
Describe the concept of "Platonic epistemology" (the study of knowledge).
Plato's mentor, Socrates, believed that all he knew was nothing and Plato explained this through the Platonic Epistemology. Plato argued that you cannot know what is constantly changing. You cannot know anything in the worse world, but you can know things through reasoning and the better world which exists in a state of changelessness.
109
Describe the concept of Platonic ethics.
The mind and soul of a person was located and belonged in the better world while the body belonged to the physical. Plato argued that the soul was eternal and would be replanted into another body after death (reincarnation). He divided the mind into three parts and believed this hierarchy of the mind could be applied to the polis. He thought you could discipline your body to allow your whole mind to be contemplative of the form.
110
How did Platonic ethics divide the mind?
In three parts.
1. Rational/thinking (highest form)
2. Spirited/volitional mind (decides what form your mind will take)
3. Appetitive mind (consuming, craving; lowest form)
111
What were the four periods of Macedon before Phillip II?
1. Alexander I (r. ca. 498 - 454 B.C)
2. Perdiccas II (r. ca. 450 - 413 B.C)
3. Archelaus (r. 413 - 399 B.C)
4. Period of CHAOS
112
Why is Macedon not seen as typically Greek?
1. They spoke a different language
2. They embraced a different civic model (one single kingdom instead of multiple poleis)
3. Different system of government (monarchy)
113
What were some defining traits of Alexander I (r. ca. 498 - 454 B.C) reign of Macedon?
-from 492 B.C Macedon was subject to Persia
-was said by Herodotus to be secretly fond of Athens
-at 476 Olympics, Argead dynasty was recognized as Greek and Alexander to be descended from Heracles
-After the Persian wars, he supplied Athens with massive amounts of timber
***because of their history of cooperation, Macedon was allowed to remain independent from the Delian League
114
What were some defining traits of Perdiccas II (r. ca. 450 - 413 B.C) reign of Macedon?
-Athenian need for timber and expansionist tendencies intensified during the Peloponnesian war
-through diplomacy, Macedonian independence was preserved (despite Athens ambition, Spartan meddling, civil war (rebellion from upper Macedon, and an invasion from Thrace)
115
What were some defining traits of Archelaus (r. 413 - 399 B.C) reign of Macedon?
-fostered a mutually beneficial relationship with Greek poleis (*Athens - continuing to supply timber)
-kingdom improved wealth, infrastructure, military, security and influence
-continued process of hellenising the Macedonian court
116
What were some defining traits of the period of chaos (399 - 359 B.C) of Macedon?
-after Archelaus' death, no ruler could exert authority effectively over the long term
-decades of political turmoil
117
What were some defining traits of Phillip II (r. 359 - 336 B.C) reign of Macedon?
1. Achieved peace at home through
-managing external threats from the north (Paeonia), the east (Thrace) and Athens which he did through diplomacy
-Preparing for the future (inspired by Theban miliary innovations) and instilling military reforms
-using his new, reformed military to reclaim territory that was lost
-continued attracting Greeks to his court
2. Began the conquest of the Greeks (Thessaly was first)
3. After conquering Greece, decided to conquer Persia but was assassinated before he could do so (336B.C)
118
What were the military reforms of Phillip II (r. 359 - 336 B.C)?
1. More rigorous, professional training
2. Introduction of sarissa (5m long spear)
3. Prominent use of cavalry
119
What were some defining phases of Alexander III (r. 336 - 323 B.C) reign of Macedon?
1. Domestic problems
-conquered enemies rebelled but Alexander settled the rebellion while using Thebes as an example (killed and enslaved the Thebans)
2. Eastern conquest
-carried on Phillip II plans; 334 won against persians in Troy; 333 won against darius at Issus; backtracked to Egypt to take control of the Mediterranean; 331 challenge but won against Darius again in Babylon, Gaugamela; went on to conquer Indian civilization; 326 troops went on strike and expansion was ceased; 323 arrived in Babylon but died before continuing to plan the expansion
120
What happened to Macedon after Alexander III died?
1. Empire was divided among the top generals
-Antigonus = Macedon
-Ptolemy = Egypt
-Seleucus = Syria
-Attalus = Pergamum
***The Ptolemaic kingdom was the last to fall to Rome
121
What are some key political aspects of Macedon?
1. Retained a hereditary monarchy even when the Greeks rejected it in favor of the polis
2. Monarchic government expanded with Phillip II expansion; Macedonian nobility became a part of the administrative body
***youth of nobility were taken hostage to ensure cooperation
3. During Alexander III expansion east; integrated elements of Persian politics.
-appointed Persian officials, enlisted Persian soldiers, adopted Persian dress and ritual, ENCOURAGED SUBJECTS TO WORSHIP HIM AS IF HE WAS A GOD
122
What are some key social aspects of Macedon?
1. Attracted Greek intellectuals (Euripides & Aristotle); important in relaying Greek culture to Macedonian elite
2. Held symposia for hetairoi; king was seen as higher, subjects would compete for the kings favour
3. Hunting was considered an enactment of royal supremacy and noble competition
4. Gods (*Zeus) and heroes (*Heracles) mostly overlapped with Greeks; Dionysus as well as distinguished chthonic gods (Demeter, Hades, Persephone) were most prominent
123
How did the Macedonians view death?
They believed that death conveyed them to a meaningful afterlife.
124
In what ways was Macedon's approach to religion different from the Greeks?
1. Did not build temples for their gods
2. Religious architecture and art is instead associated with royal and noble tombs
3. Ruler cults (for Alexander and the Hellenistic kings) was unlike the Greeks
125
What is notable about Macedonian wall paintings?
1. Vivid colors
2. Techniques (shading & foreshortening)
126
What of Macedonian tombs imitated the Greeks?
1. Architecture (columns & pediments)
2. Decoration
127
Macedonian's excelled in what trade? Where is evidence of this trade?
Metalwork; seen in finely crafted works found in tombs
128
Which polis was supreme in crafting vases of the Orientalizing period?
Corinth
129
Which polis was supreme in crafting vases during the Archaic and Classical periods?
Athens
130
Why are there so few bronze sculptures today?
The bronze was melted down to be repurposed rather than marble sculptures which were discarded.
131
Plato's republic begins as an enquiry into which of the four cardinal virtues?
Justice
132
What are the four cardinal virtues?
1. Wisdom - sophia
2. Courage - andreia
3. Moderation - sophrosyne
4. Justice
133
In Aristotle's famous analogy, a bronze statue of Zeus has four causes. What are the causes? What do they mean?
1. Formal - the idea the sculptor has in mind
2. Material - the potential for bronze to be smelted out of other metals and molded into an image in liquid form. Then retain that form once it resolidifies.
3. Efficient - The ability of the sculptor to make it.
4. Final - The reason why the sculptor made the sculpture.
134
Which type of race was not a part of the pentathlon?
long distance
135
Were non-Greeks being allowed to participate in the Greater Panathenaia part of the distinctives of the festival?
NO
136
The first Greek poem written down belonged to what genre?
Hexameter / Epic poetry
137
Which lyric poet is known today for the odes they composed to honor victors at various panhellenic festivals?
Pindar
138
Which part of ancient Greece came under domination first of the Lydians, and then of the Persians?
Ionia
139
What can the Greeks be given the most credit in the field of medicine?
The Greeks sought natural rather than supernatural explanations for illness.
140
Were male physicians usually present at the birth of a child?
NO, it was Greek midwives.
141
What was the typical lifespan of a Greek woman if she survived childbirth?
45 - 55
142
The Athenians opened a second front against Spartan allies in 415 B.C, where was this second front opened?
Sicily
143
What is an Eisphora?
An emergency taxation of the wealthy in Athens.
144
What is a liturgy? What was it's purpose?
A liturgy was a public donation from the wealthy in Athens. It was used to fund building and manning of a trireme as well as religious festivals. A generous liturgy was also a way for the wealthy to proof their loyalty to the polis.
145
What are 2 virtues of the wealthy?
1. Philotimia - seeking love and honor from the people
2. Prothumia - Zeal, spirit, eagerness
146
What was 1 vice of the wealthy?
Hubris - acting higher than you are; humiliating others
147
What metal was mined at the Attic mines of Laurium in the fifth century B.C?
silver
148
What was the last Hellenistic kingdom to fall to Rome?
Ptolemaic
