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Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Limb-sparing techniques (8)

A

Cortical allograft
Endoprosthesis
Pasteurized autograft
Ulnar roll-over
Lateral manus translation
Bone transport osteogenesis
Irradiated autograft
Stereotactic radiosurgery

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2
Q

Arthritis pathologies (3 7 8)

A

Rheumatoid PA
PA of Greyhounds
Feline chronic progressive PA (erosive, periosteal proliferation, enthesopathy, negative for rheumatoid factors, ++ hocks & carpi)

Type I idiopathic
Type II infection
Type III gastrointestinal
Type IV neoplasia
Drugs associated
Lupus erythematosus
Breed related (Shar pei, Akita)

Bacteria
L form bacteria
Borreliose
Mycoplasma
Leishmaniose
Fungal
Rickettsial (anaplasmose/ehrlichiose)
Mycobacteria

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3
Q

OCD treatments (7)

A

Palliative : debridment and lavage

Curative:
Curettage
Abrasion arthroplasty
Spongialization
Forage
Microfracture

Restorative:
Fragment reattachment/sutures
OATS
Synthetic osteochondral resurfacing

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4
Q

Osteotomies for elbow MCdisease (8)

A

BURP
CERO
DDUO
DPUO
PAUL
SHO
PURO
EHRO

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5
Q

Splenic pathologies (4 generalised, 7 focals)

A

Splenitis
Cellular hyperplasia
Congestion
Infiltration

Nodular hyperplasia
Hemangioma
Hamartoma
Abscess
Segmental infarction
Siderotic plaques
Neoplasia

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6
Q

Splenic surgery complications (7)

A

Hemorrhage
Vascular compromise (portal thrombosis, left limb of pancreas)
Arrhytmias
SIRS
GDV
Infection?
Oxygen transport/for athletic dogs

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7
Q

Sentinel LN detection (4)

A

Radionucleide
Methylene blue
Indocyanine green
Contrast product

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8
Q

Abdo hernias: muscles flaps (4)

A

Cranial sartorius
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Latissimus dorsi

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9
Q

Diaph hernias: muscles flaps (3) + omentum

A

Latissimus dorsi
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis

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10
Q

Peritonitis causes: 6 aseptics

A

Foreign body
Starch granulomatous (surgical glove powder)
Chemical
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis
Parasitic peritonitis (mesocestoides)
Protozoal (neospora)

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11
Q

Peritonitis: 7 treatments points

A

Fluid
Antibiotics
Debridement/lavage
Drain
Nutritional support
MLK CRI
Blood pressure support

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12
Q

Gastroesophageal sphincter (4)

A

Thickening of the circumferential striated muscles layer
Angle esophageal / stomach
Diaphram crural muscles
Folds of gastroesophageal mucosa

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13
Q

Esophageal patching (12)

A

Vicryl mesh
ePTFE mesh
Porcine SIS
Omentum
Pericardium
Diaphragmatic pedicle flap
Sternothyroideus & longus colli muscles
External & internal intercostal muscles
Tubed lattissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap
Gastric advancement
Isoperistaltic or antiperistaltic gastric tubes
Multistage with inverse tubed skin grafts

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14
Q

Gastric viability (4 subj ; 3 obj)

A

Wall thickness
Serosal surface color
Serosal capillary perfusion
Peristalsis

Fluorescein
Scintigraphy
Laser Doppler flowmetry

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15
Q

Gastropexy techniques (7)

A

Incisional
Belt loop
Circumcostal
Incorporating / linea alba
Grid approach
Endoscopically assisted
Laparoscopic

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16
Q

Intestinal viability (2 obj)

A

Fluorescein
Surface oxymetry

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17
Q

Omentum properties (4)

A

Drainage
Angiogenesis
Immunogenic
Adhesive properties

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18
Q

Short bowel syndrom treatment (6)

A

Fluid
Meals small & frequent
Glutamine
Loperamide
Fat
Antibiotics

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19
Q

Colorectal resection: complications (7)

A

Hematochezia/dyschezia/tenesmus
Stricture
Infection
Dehiscence
Increased frequency of defecation & looser stool
Fecal incontinence
Lameness

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20
Q

Perianal fistula: surgical treatments (5)

A

High tail amputation
Surgical excision of sinuses & fistulous tracts & anal sacculectomy
Cryosurgery
Deroofing & fulguration
Laser excision

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21
Q

Perineal hernia causes (4)

A

Rectal abnormalities
Androgens
Relaxin / prostatic disease
Neurogenic atrophy

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22
Q

Perineal hernia localisations (4)

A

Caudal (levator ani / external sphincter ani/internal obturator)
Dorsolateral (levator ani/ coccygeus)
Laterally (coccygeus/sacrotuberous lig)
Ventrally (ischiouretralis, bulbocavernosus, ischiocarvenosus)

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23
Q

Perineal hernia: repair techniques (6)

A

Traditional herniorraphy
Internal obturator muscle transposition
Superficial gluteal muscle transposition
Semitendinosus muscle transposition
Prosthetic implants
Biomaterials (SIS / fascia lata)
Suturing two levator ani muscles together (for ventral ; or semitendinosus)

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24
Q

Perineal hernia: complications (8)

A

Infection
Dehiscence
Fecal incontinence
Sciatic nerve injury
Urinary incontinence
Tenesmus
Rectal prolapse
Recurrence

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25
Q

Hepatobiliary imaging (5)

A

Monitor over several days
Synthetic cholecystokinin (sincalide ; 40% gallbladder emptying within 1 hour)
Percutaneous contrast US guided cholecystography
Scintigraphy
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

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26
Q

Hepatobiliary: stop hemorrhage (4)

A

Central venous pressure control
Inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) ; if continue : fail to occlude gastroduodenal vein, retrograde arterial flow from GD artery, backbleeding from hepatic veins
Inflow & outflow (Pringle + occlusion infra & suprahepatic vena cava)
Hepatic artery ligation

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27
Q

Hepatobiliary biopsy techniques (5)

A

Guillotine
Ultrasoniccally/VSD
Biopsy punch
Wedge biopsy
Laparoscopy cup biopsy forceps

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28
Q

Portosystemic shunts: tests (3)

A

Bile acids
Ammonia / ammonia tolerance test
Hyaluronic acid concentration

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29
Q

Portosystemic shunts: imaging (5)

A

Dual phase CT angiography
US / US guided percutaneous splenic injection of agitated saline
Scintigraphy (99Tc mebrofenin)
Portovenography
MRI

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30
Q

Portosystemic shunts: surgical treatments (5)

A

Ameroid constrictors
Hydraulic occluders
Suture ligation
Cellophan band
Intravascular coil embolization

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31
Q

Portal hypertension: visual signs (4)

A

Pallor/cyanosis of the intestines
Cyanosis/edema of the pancreas
Hyperperistaltis
Increased mesenteric vascular pulsations

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32
Q

Portosystemic shunts: complications (6)

A

Hypoglycemia
Seizures
Portal hypertension
Hemorrhage & anemia
GI ulceration
Recurrence

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33
Q

Pancreas biopsy (6)

A

Distal right limb ;
Tru cut
Clamshell
Small wedge
Guillotine
Blunt dissection & ligation
Laparo

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34
Q

Pancreas: right lobectomy techniques (3)

A

Blunt dissection from pancreaticoduodenal vessels
Preserve recurrent duodenal branch of right gastropepiploic artery
Maintain as much duodenal supply as possible while ligating & transecting communication between cranial & caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries

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35
Q

Pancreas postop treatment (5)

A

Nutrition
Fluid
Analgesia
Antiemetics
Antiacids (omeprazole and famotidine)

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36
Q

Pancreas pseudocysts surgery (4)

A

Ultrasound aspiration
Cystoduedonostomy
Cystojejunostomy
Cystogastrostomy
Omentalization
Complete excision and drainage

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37
Q

Molecules if persistent hypoglycemia after insulinoma resection (4)

A

Streptozocin (destroys beta cells)
Glucocorticoid
Diazoxide (inhibits insulin secretion, stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and inhibits use of glucose)
Octreotide (inhibits insulin synthesis & secretion)

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38
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrom defitinion (3)

A

Non beta cell neuroendocrine tumor
Hypergastrinemia
Gastrointestinal ulceration

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39
Q

Differential diagnoses nasal discharge (6)

A

Neoplasia
Polyps
Infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal)
FB
Dental
Idiopathic rhinosinusitis

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40
Q

Nasopharyngeal stenosis treatment (3)

A

Balloon dilatation
Stent
Extended palatoplasty

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41
Q

Nasal reconstruction techniques (4)

A

Purse-string suture
Musculofascial island labial flap
Full-thickness labial advancement flap
Cosmectic reconstruction of the nose

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42
Q

Stenotic nares surgical techniques (7)

A

Trader’s technique (amputation ventral portion of dorsal lateral nasal cartilage)
Lateral, vertical or horizontal wedge resection
Alapexy
Punch technique
Dorsal offset rhinoplasty

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43
Q

Advantages ventral rhinotomy (vs dorsal) (4)

A

More rapid recovery
Cosmetic
Less pain
Lower risk of subcutaneous emphysema

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44
Q

Techniques to avoid subcutaneaous emphysema when dorsal rhinotomy (3)

A

Minimizing SC dissection
Perfect periosteal closure
Leave a gap at the caudal end of the incision

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45
Q

Intrinsics muscles of larynx (6)

A

Crycoarytenoideus dorsalis
Cricoarytenoideus lateralis
Thyroarytenoideus
Arytenoideus tranversus
Hyoepiglotticus muscles
Cricothyroideus muscle

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46
Q

Laryngeal collapse stages (3)

A

Stage I: laryngeal saccule eversion
Stage II: cuneiform process (lose rigidity & medial displacement)
Stage III: corniculate processes collapse

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47
Q

Laryngeal paralysis: localisation causes (3)

A

Nucleus ambiguus
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
Vagus nerve or its branches (++ caudal laryngeal)

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48
Q

Laryngeal paralysis: techniques to diagnose it (3)

A

Ultrasonography
Laryngeal examination
EMG (not specific)

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49
Q

Laryngeal paralysis: surgical treatments (5)

A

Unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralization
Transoral partial laryngectomy
Ventral laryngotomy for partial laryngectomy
Castellated laryngofissure
Tracheostomy

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50
Q

Temporary tracheostomy techniques (3)

A

Tranverse
Vertical
Tracheal flap

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51
Q

Tracheostomy contraindications (3)

A

Mass or obstruction distal to the site
Tracheal collapse distal
Previous tracheal stent placement

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52
Q

Trachea resection: anastomotic options (2)

A

Split cartilage technique
Annular ligament cartilage technique

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53
Q

Trachea foreign body: techniques for remove (4)

A

Holding patient upside down and shaking
Via tracheobronchoscopy
Via fluoroscopic guidance (foley catheter technique)
Tracheotomy or lung lobectomy

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54
Q

Tracheal collapse surgical treatments (3)

A

Extraluminal prosthetic tracheal rings
Extraluminal Spiral prosthesis
Intraluminal Stent

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55
Q

Tracheal collapse: extraluminal prosthesis tracheal rings complications (5)

A

Laryngeal paralysis
Tracheal necrosis
Collapse beyond rings
Migration of the prosthesis
Tearing of t rachealis mebrane during suture placement (pneumothorax/pneumomediastin)

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56
Q

Tracheal stent: size and position

A

Positive pressure ventilation at 20cm H2O
Calibrated esophageal probe
+10/20% to the widest measured diameter of the trachea on positive pressure
1cm caudal to cricoid 1cm cranial to carina
or C3C4 IVD space & 4th rib

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57
Q

Tracheal stent: complications (6)

A

Stent fracture
Stent migration
Tracheitis
Collapse beyond stented region
Obstruction of the lumen via granulation tissue
Tracheal rupture
(rectal prolapse/perineal hernia)

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58
Q

Inspiratory muscles (4)

A

External intercostal
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus
Serratus ventrali

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59
Q

Hypoxemia causes (5)

A

Hypoventilation
Low FiO2
Diffusion impairment (rare in small animals)
V/Q mismatch
Shunting

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60
Q

Thorax approaches (8)

A

Intercostal thoracotomy
Rib resection thoracotomy
Median sternotomy
Xiphoid resection thoracotomy
Transsternal thoracotomy
Transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy
Paracostal approach
Thoracoscopy

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61
Q

Thorax trauma: indications for surgery (5)

A

Hemorrhage
Pneumothorax
Sepsis
Rib fractures
Sucking chest wounds

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62
Q

Thoracic wall neoplasia (3)

A

Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma

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63
Q

Thorax muscle flaps (5)

A

Latissimus dorsi
External abdominal oblique
Transversus adbominis
Diaphragm
Deep pectoral muscle

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64
Q

Chylous effusion tests (3)

A

Triglyceride (>x3) & cholesterol (<)
Sudan black (chylomicrons visibles & stain positively)
Ether clearance test

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65
Q

Minimum number crossing chinese finger trap for thoracostomy tube ?

A

6

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66
Q

How differentiate exsudate vs modifiate transsudate (3)

A

Lactate deshydrogenase concentration (226 IU/L)
Total protein ratio (0.56)
C-reactive (11 µg/mL)

67
Q

3 bottle-system ; names ?

A

Collection
Water seal
Suction control

68
Q

Lymphangiography injection sites (4)

A

Intestinal lymphangiography (mesenteric or ileocolic)
Popliteal
Perianal
Metatarsal

69
Q

Chylothorax surgery: complications (5)

A

Persistent chylothorax
Persistent nonchylous pleural effusion
Lung lobe torsion
Pneumothorax
Sudden death

70
Q

Thymomas: associate syndromas (3)

A

Cranial vena cava syndrome
Myasthenia gravis (+ megaesophagus)
Hypercalcemia

Cat : exfoliative dermatitis

71
Q

Myasthenia: test?

A

Edrophonium chloride (Tensilon test)

72
Q

Differentiate thymoma & thymic lymphoma (3)

A

Cytology (thymoma with mast c ells, eosinophils, RBC)
Flow cytometry
Immunocytochemistry (thymoma 10% lymphocytes are CD4 & CD8+ ; versus homogenously expressed CD4, CD21, CD34 or CD4/8 in different pattern)

73
Q

PDA techniques (6)

A

Simple ligation (double ligature)
Jackson-Henderson technique
3 or 4 wide-biting buttressed mattress sutures
Divided between vascular clamps & oversewn
ACDO (Amplatz canine duct occluder)
Coil embolization

74
Q

Pericardial effusion causes (9)

A

Transudate (heart failure, PP diaph hernia, hypoalbuminemia)
Exudate (infectious or non infectious (FIP))
Hemorrhagic (trauma, neoplasia, anticoagulant intoxication, rupture of left atrium, idiopathic)

75
Q

Pericardial approaches (4)

A

Right lateral intercostal thoracotomy
Transdiaphragmatic
Sternotomy
Thoracoscopy (intercostal or transdiaphragmatic/subxiphoid)

76
Q

Pericardectomy techniques (4)

A

Pericardial window (thoracoscopy)
Subtotal pericardectomy (thoracotomy or scopy)
Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy

77
Q

Embolectomy techniques (5)

A

Direct surgical approach
Embolectomy catheter with balloon
Tissue plasminogen activator
Rheolytic catheter
Endosvasculater stenting

78
Q

Subcuteanous Vascular Access Port (SC VAP): techniques placement (3)

A

Peel-off sheathed needle technique
Seldigner technique
Modified Seldinger technique

79
Q

Age bone mineralisation during gestation (dog? Cat ?)

A

Dog 42d
Cat 35d

80
Q

Ovarian neoplasia categories (3)

A

Epithelial cell tumor (ADK, adenoma, papillary)
Sex cord stromal (granulosa cell tumor)
Germ cell tumor (dysgerminoma, teratoma)

81
Q

Pyometra medical treatment points (4)

A

PGF2alpha
Cabergoline (dopamine agonist)
Aglepristone (progesterone rc antagonist)
Antibiotics

82
Q

Vaginal annular lesion: treatment techniques (4)

A

Circumferential partial thickness resection (mucosa & submucosa)
T shaped vaginoplasty
Resection & anastomosis
Vaginectomy

83
Q

Medical sterilization for males (5)

A

Zinc gluconate
Chlorhexidine digluconate
GNRH
Glycerol
Testosterone

84
Q

Prostate sampling techniques (3)

A

Ejaculate sampling
Transurethral prostatic massage
Fine needle aspirate

85
Q

Prostatic hyperplasia: treatments (5)

A

Antiandrogen (delmadinone acetate)
LH inhibitors (megestrol)
GNrH agonist (deslorelin acetate)
5alpha reductase (finasteride)
Estrogen

86
Q

Prostate adenocarcinoma treatment (6)

A

Tube cystostomy
Stenting
Prazosin
NSAID
Partial or complete prostatectomy + radiation therapy
Transurethral resection

87
Q

Partial prostatectomy hemorrhage treatment (2)

A

Temporary occlusion of prostatic vascular supply with an aortic tounriquet placed distal to renal arteries
VSD

88
Q

Prostate abcess treatments (4)

A

Marsupialization
Ventral drainage (Penrose or active drains)
Omentalization
Partial prostatectomy

89
Q

Prostate cysts treatments (4)

A

Marsupialization
Complete resection
Omentalization
Partial prostatectomy

90
Q

Phases of contrast renal excretion (3) & radio timing ?

A

Renal angiographic phase
Renal phase
Excretory phase
RX immediately, 5, 20 & 40 min

91
Q

Indications pyelography (2)

A

Concern about giving a systemic dose of contrast
Renal artery is obstructed

92
Q

Nephroliths: surgery indications (4)

A

Obstruction
Severe hematuria
Persistent infection
Damaging renal tissue

93
Q

Idiopathic renal hematuria treatment (3)

A

Local sclerotherapy (with povidone-iodine & silver nitrate)
Renal arterial embolization
Ureteroscopic electrocauterization

94
Q

Paraneoplasic syndrome in kidney adenocarcinoma (6)

A

Polycythemia
Hypertrophic osteopathy
(Hypoglycemia
Hypercalcemia
Leucocytosis
Peripheral neuropathy)

95
Q

Ureterolithiasis: techniques (4)

A

Ureterotomy
Ureteral stent
SUB
Neoureterocystotomy

96
Q

Ureterolithiasis: medical ttt (4)

A

Fluid
Glucagon
Amitriptylline
Calcium channel blocker (amlodipine)

97
Q

SUB complications (3)

A

Kinking
Obstruction/occlusion
Urine leakage
Displacement of catheter

98
Q

Congenital bladder anomalies (4)

A

Patent urachus
Vesicourachal diverticula
Bladder hypoplasia
Genitourinary dysplasia in cats

99
Q

Cystoliths: diagnostic techniques (3)

A

Pneumocystography
Double contrast cystography
Ultrasonography

100
Q

Cystoliths: surgery techniques (5)

A

Catheter-assisted retrieval
Transurethral cystoscopic retrieval
Voiding hydropropulsion
Lithotripsy
Laparoscopic-assisted or percutaneaous cystotomy
Surgical cystotomy

101
Q

Critical factors for urethral healing (2)

A

Mucosal continuity
Flow of urine diverted

102
Q

Urethrostomy techniques (5)

A

Scrotal
Perineal
Transpelvic
Subpubic
Prepubic

103
Q

Reinforce urethra (3)

A

Rectus abdominis
Internal obturator
Omentum

104
Q

Hypospadias localisation (5)

A

Anal
Perineal
Scrotal
Penile
Glandular

105
Q

Urethral trauma options (3)

A

Temporay urinary diversion & second intention healing
Primary repair
Permanent urinary diversion

106
Q

Urethral strictures treatment (5)

A

Urethrostomy
Resection & anastomosis
Balloon dilatation
Stent placement
Urethral replacement (with ileum)

107
Q

Urethral prolapse treatment (3)

A

Purse-string suture
Resection & anastomosis (50%)
Urethropexy

108
Q

Sphincter incontinence factors (6)

A

Urethral tone
Urethral lenght
Bladder neck position
Body size & breed
Gonadectomy
Hormonal status

109
Q

Sphincter incontinence: surgery (6)

A

Colposuspension
Urethropexy & cystourethropexy
Bulking agents (collagen)
Transpelvic urethral sling
Transobturator vaginal tape
Artificla urethral sphincter

110
Q

Adrenal mass: how to diagnose it (3)

A

> 1.5cm
Lose kidney bean shape
Asymmetric with controlateral

111
Q

Adrenal malignity criterias (3)

A

> 2cm
Invasion of surrounding tissue
Additional mass (thorax or abdomen)

112
Q

Cortisol secreting adrenal mass: perop medical treatment (4)

A

Trilostane
ACEI
Dexamethasone
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate

113
Q

Pheochromocytoma: perop medical treatment (3)

A

Phenoxybenzamine
Propranolol, atenolol, esmolol
Phentolamine +/- nitropruside

114
Q

Treatment pulmonary thromboembolism (4)

A

Unfractioned heparin
O2
Theophylline
Sildenafil

115
Q

Hyperthyroidy cats clinical findings (3)

A

Cardiac disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ; ECG: tachycardia, tall R wave)
Renal disease
Hypokalemia (loss from vomiting & diarrhea)

116
Q

Hyperthyroidy diagnosis (4)

A

Serum total T4
Repeat days to week later
Free T4 & T3 suppression test
Scintigraphy (99mTc pertechnate)

117
Q

Thryoïdectomy techniques (4)

A

Intracapsular
Modified intracapsular
Extracapsular
Modified extracapsular

118
Q

Alternative treatment for hyperthyroidy in cats (3)

A

Medical (methimazole)
Dietary (iodine-restricted diet)
Radioactive iodine I131: TREATMENT OF CHOICE

119
Q

Thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidy in cats: complications (7)

A

Hemorrhage
Dyspnea
Laryngeal paralysis
Horner’s syndrome
Hypothyroidism
HypoPTH
Recurrence

120
Q

Thyroid mass in dogs: pronostic factors for metastatis (2)

A

Bilateral
Larger than 100cm3

121
Q

Thryoid tumor in dogs: alternative to surgery (2)

A

I131
Radiotherapy

122
Q

Differential diagnosis hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Osteoporosis
Granulomatous
Spurious
Idiopathic
Neoplasia
Young
Addison
Renal failure
D vitamin D

123
Q

Tumors with hypercalcemia (6)

A

Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
AGASAC
Carcinoma (lung, mammary, prostate, kidney)
Thymoma
Melanoma

124
Q

Complications ear canal surgery (6)

A

Horner’s syndrome
Facial nerve damage
Hemorrhage
Dehiscence
Infection
Auditory function

125
Q

Ossicles names (3)

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

126
Q

Otitis media: surgical indications (3)

A

Fail medical management
Neurologic signs
Stenosis of canal

127
Q

Localisation bulla in cats & in dogs

A

Cats: triangular mandibular symphys - caudal border mandible - larynx
Dogs: paracondylar (jugular) process: 5-10mm rostromedial

128
Q

Recurrence risks for cholesteatoma (3)

A

Inability to open mouth
Presence of neurologic signs
Lysis of temporal bone

129
Q

Management options hypercalcemia (6)

A

Fluid
Furosemide
Corticosteroids
Biphosphonate
Low calcium diet
Calcitonin
Calcium channel blocker

130
Q

Pathophysiologic consequences of extra hepatic biliary obstruction (6)

A

Hypotension
Decreased myocardial contractility
Acute renal failure
Coagulopathies / DIC
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Delayed wound healing

131
Q

Interfragmentary strains of :
- granulation tissue
- cartilage
- bone

A
  • granulation tissue : 100%
  • cartilage : 15%
  • bone : 2%
132
Q

Different modes of interlocking nail

A

Static
Dynamic (secure the implant in only one fragment)

133
Q

Secondary bone healing phases

A

Inflammation
Intramembranous ossification
Soft callus formation (chondrogenesis)
Hard callus formation (endochondral ossification)
Bone remodeling

134
Q

Methods for intraoperatively confirming the location of the shunt

A

Direct visualization
Perop ultrasound
Portovenography
Portal catheterization and pressure

135
Q

Menace response: may not be present until (which age) ?

A

10-12 weeks

136
Q

Muscles during approach of VBO

A

Platysma
Sphincter colli muscles
Mylohyoid
Digastricus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus

(Nerve hypoglossal)

137
Q

Position for maximum passive hip joint laxity

A

10-15° extension
10° abduction
0° rotation

138
Q

Mesh complications

A

Failure (at tissue mesh interface)
Infection
Sinus formation
Mesh migration
Hernia recurrence
Seroma

139
Q

Specific postoperative complications of pheochromocytoma

A

Hypo/hypertension
Arrhythmias
Coagulation disorders

(+pancreatitis, thromboembolism, dyspnea, renal failure, hemoperitoneum)

140
Q

Prostate neoplasia: surgical options

A

Stenting
Cystostomy tube
Prostatectomy
Laser ablation
Transurethral resection

(+radiation therapy , bisphosphonates, prazosin)

141
Q

Negative pronostic factors AGASAC (6)

A

Tumor size
LN meta
Distant meta
E cadherin expression
No therapy
Renal failure with hypercalcemia

142
Q

Zones of tissue after laser energy

A

Vaporization
Carbonization
Coagulation
Hyperthermia

143
Q

Basic principles of vascular clip applications (4)

A

Remove as much surrounding tissue as possible
1/3 to 2/3 clip = diameter size of the vessel
Several mm of the cut edge
Artery and vein separately

144
Q

Complications fenestration

A

Discospondylitis
Damage to spinal cord or nerve root
Instability
Pneumothorax
Hemorrhage
Material in canal

145
Q

Guidelines locking plates (4)

A

> 3x length of fx segment
Screw to hole ratio >0.5
Distance plate bone <2mm
At least 2-3 screw holes empty over the bone defect

146
Q

Strategies to preserve pin bone interface

A

Threaded pin
Max 25% bone diameter
Pre drilling
Low drill speed <300rpm
Feed rate
3-4 pins per fragment
Far first, then near pin
Skin incision
Clamp toward patient, 1cm max from skin
Consider augmentation

147
Q

Proximal fractures femur

A

Epiphyseal
Physeal
Subcapital
Transcervical

Basilar neck
Intertrochanteric
Subtrochanteric

148
Q

Predisposing factors contracture quadriceps femoris

A

Skeletally immature
Exuberant bony callus
Extended coaptation
Muscular trauma
Infection

149
Q

Endotracheal intubation techniques

A

Pharyngostomy
Transmylohyoid
Tracheostomy

150
Q

TPLO without jig problems

A

Inaccurate Osteotomy angulation
Fibula fracture
Fixation failure

151
Q

Patellar tendinosis: risks factors

A

Cranially or distally positioned osteotomy
Postoperative tibial tuberosity fracture
Arthroscopy

152
Q

CdCrligament techniques

A

Caudomedial imbrication+sutures+fascia
Desmodesis medial collateral ligament
Tenodesis LDE or popliteal tendon
Conservative

153
Q

Extra articular manifestations of immune mediated polyarthritis

A

Immune complex glomerulonephritis
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia

154
Q

Ideal candidate limb sparing

A

Less than 50% of radius involved
Not a large soft tissue involvement
No metastasis
No pathological fracture

155
Q

Pronostics factors MCT

A

Clinical presentation (darier sign)
Tumor location (mucous -)
Clinical stage
Margins
Histologic grades
Special strains (ki67, AgNOR, ckit, mitotic index)

156
Q

After cricopharyngeal myotomy, persistance or recurrence clinical signs

A

Failure to remove all bands
Incorrect initial diagnosis
Concurrent pharyngeal or esophageal dysfunction

Fibrosis and contracture at the myotomy site

157
Q

Names of the three paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoidal

158
Q

Pectus excavation: what is the main complication?

A

Fatal pulmonary edema (care pulmonary inflation)

159
Q

When hypercalcemia in primary hyperPTH should be treated

A

Concurrent renal failure
Ca-P product > 60-70

160
Q

Definition cholesteatoma

A

Non neoplasic
Epidermoid cyst
Keratin producing squamous epithelium from the external meat into the tympanic chamber

161
Q

Screening test before doing any surgery for cervical spondylomyelopathy

A

Echocardiography
Von willebrand status
Thyroid

162
Q

Management persistent non chylous effusion

A

1 month corticosteroid
Pleural port
Pleuroperitineal shunt

163
Q

Joint fluid analysis : macroscopic elements

A

Volume
Color
Viscosity
Transparency

ecvs (1 decks)

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