Exam Flashcards by Danielle Muhr

Research completed for the sake of gaining knowledge alone is called
-applied
-basic
-quality improvement
-qualitative research

Basic

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Characteristics that can take on different values and are measured, controlled, or manipulated in research are

Continuous
Variables
Categorical
Interventions

Variables

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Research that looks at cause and effect is called

Descriptive
Analytic
Prospective
Secondary analysis

Analytic

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Whereas intervention studies test the efficacy of an intervention, outcome research tests the ________ of an intervention

Epidemiology
Translation
Effectiveness
Dissemination

Effectiveness

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Analytic epidemiology:

examines the strength of an association between a risk factor and a health-related state
provides information about who has a disease in a population and the frequency of that disease
all of the above

examines the strength of an association between a risk factor and a health-related state

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Research is used to:

Explore
Describe
Analyze
Predict
All of the above

All of the above

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A study that collects data at one point in time is referred to as

Longitudinal
Instrumental
Cross-sectional
Prospective

Cross-sectional

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The dependent variable can also be called the:

Manipulation
Independent variable
Outcome measure
Research design

Outcome measure

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In qualitative research, the researcher wants to understand and the participants

Outcome
Nutrient status
Experience

Experience

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A RCT is an example of

Research design
Retrospective study
Research method
Instrument

Research design

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Which of the following poses a relationship between two or more variables

Statement of problem
Literature review
Methods
Research question

Research question

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Research is when you look really hard for information on a topic

T/F

False

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All research studies have a hypothesis

T/F

False

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One requirement of true experimental research is the random assignment of participants to the experimental and control groups

T/F

True

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Qualitative research does not manipulate or put a group through an intervention

T/F

True

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Being able to locate, evaluate, and use information you need in an effective and efficient manner is referred to as

Science literacy
Literacy
Analysis
Information literacy

Information literacy

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A journal that does not provide peer-review services while accepting payment for an article to be published is referred to as

A scientific journal
A predatory journal
An open-access journal
A predatory or open access journal

A predatory journal

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If you are looking for articles on an allied health/nursing topic, which database would be the most helpful

AGRICOLA
PsycINFO
ERIC
CINAHL

CINAHL

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If you are looking for articles on GMO foods which database would be the most useful

CINAHL
Cochran
Food Science and Technology Abstracts
PsycINFO

Food Science and Technology Abstracts

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Which of the following is considered gray literature

Dissertation
Thesis
Conference proceedings
Technical reports
All

All

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The frequency with which an article in a journal has been cited within a specific time frame is known as its

DOI
Gold access
Impact factor

Impact factor

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The research design is discussed in detail in which section of an article

Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion

Methods

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Food Management is an example of a

Newspaper
Magazine
Trade publication
Journal

Trade publication

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Most journals use a process known as _____ to ensure that articles they publish are accurate and meet their standards

Peer review
Editorials
Impact factor
Open access

Peer review

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In a journal article, the ______ is a description of the knowledge gap or conflicting results in current research that the research will address Research problem Research design Research objective Research hypothesis

Research problem

In a journal article, the _____ is a description of the knowledge gap or conflicting results in current research that the research will address Problem Design Objective Hypothesis

Research problem

When searching by ______, the results are less focused and include many irrelevant records Subject headings Key words NeSH headings PICO

Key words

_____ reviews are more likely an emerging field where there is a limited research base Systematic Narrative Scoping

Scoping

MeSH is an online thesaurus that gives you focused search terms for use in Google scholar T/F

False: MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) is the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, used for indexing articles for the MEDLINE®/PubMED® database. Each article citation is associated with a set of MeSH terms that describe the content of the citation

You should use more than one database to find articles and use the advanced search guidelines for each T/F

True

Literature reviews are either embedded into the introduction of a research article or are stand-alone articles T/F

True

The discussion section is limited to the actual data generated by the study T/F

False

Ethics standards in research promote Knowledge Collaboration Accountability Compliance with regulations All

All

Performing all activities related to scientific research according to professional norms and ethical principles is known as the: Common rule responsible code of conduct Code of ethics Burden of scientific validity

responsible code of conduct

The _______ is used by physicians and institutions around the world conducting clinical research Berlin report Belmont report World medical association Declaration of Helsinki

Declaration of Helsinki

When a study participant signs a Privacy Rule Authorization, it allows the research group to use or disclose the participants De-identified health data Covered entity Protected health information All

Protected health information

Research involving the use of surveys only would likely be classified as Expedited Exempt Full board None of these

Exempt

If a researcher accepts over $50,000 from a cereal company to do research on cereal, what kind of conflict of interest could this be? Financial Commitment Intellectual Fabrication

Financial

The Belmont Report in 1979 defined ethics principles for research, including which of the following Respect for persons Beneficence Justice All of these

All of these

Most of the biomedical and behavior studies in the United States are regulated by the Department of Health and Human Services regulations or NIH regulations T/F

False

The Common Rule has established core procedures to protect human research subjects T/F

True

Informed consent involves simply asking the participant to read and sign the informed consent document T/F

False

Before starting any research activities, a student researcher must complete mandated training and file an IRB application T/F

True

All research institutions must establish an animal committee to regulate and ensure animal welfare practices T/F

True

The way that a variable will be measured is referred to as its Theoretical definition Operational definition Associative definition None of these

Operational definition

The level of significance is usually set at 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.05

0.05

Systematic errors, also called _____, are not due to chance Accuracy Validity Precision Bias

Bias

Age group is an example of a Continuous variable Categorical variable Dichotomous variable Ratio variable

Categorical variable

If some groups in the population have a higher or lower chance of being selected than others that is known as _____ bias Coverage Selection Nonresponse Researcher

Selection

If the P-value of the test is ____ than or equal to the level of significance, you reject the null hypothesis Greater Less

Less

In research study, the suspected cause or influence is the Independent variable Dependent variable Extraneous Causative

Independent variable

Which level of measurement is grade point average Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Interval

Convenience sampling is an example of _____ sampling Probability Nonprobability Bias Cluster

Nonprobability

A way to help control for extraneous variables is through Random sampling Randomization Treatment fidelity Random sampling & randomization All three

Random sampling Randomization Treatment fidelity

The extent to which the independent variable actually caused the outcome of a study is known as Reliability Construct validity Internal validity External validity

Internal validity

The _______ hypothesis states that if there is a difference in the dependent variable, it is due to chance. Research Alternative Null Complex

Null

If a scale does it weigh people accurately in a study, that is an example of which type of bias? Response bias Recall bias Selection bias Instrument bias

Instrument bias

Selecting participants from a numbered list using a table of random numbers is known as Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Cluster random sampling Snowball sampling

Simple random sampling

______ looks at how well different questions measuring the same construct produce similar results Test-retest reliability Inter-rater reliability Internal consistency reliability Predictive reliability

Internal consistency reliability

If you accept the null hypothesis when it is false, that is known as a(n) ______ error Type I Type II Alpha Level of significance

Type II

Repeatability of a set of research findings is known as Validity Reliability Internal reliability External reliability

Reliability

In an associative hypothesis, two variables are statistically related and one causes the other T/F

False

When a result is statistically significant, the findings are not necessarily clinically important T/F

True

A qualitative study is ______ in nature Deductive Inductive Reliable Valid

Inductive

In a document analysis, the documents that are the main focus on the study are called _______ documents Auxiliary Secondary Primary Protocol

Primary

Qualitative researchers use a ______ setting, listen to participants, and sometimes act as the research instrument Clinical Business Natural Hospital

Natural

Which of the following are major types of qualitative data collection methods Focus groups Individual interviews Observations Focus groups and individual interviews All of the above

All of the above

In qualitative research, sample size is determined by Power Convenience Variation Saturation

Saturation

Groundbreaking articles that made a huge impact in a specific field are called Review Narrative Outcomes Seminal

Seminal

To better explain how themes relate to each other, researchers may use _____ to organize the results Triangulation Memos Theories All of the above

Theories

Qualitative research articles contain an introduction, methods, results, and discussion just like the quantitative articles T/F

True

Qualitative questions are often closed-ended T/F

False

The data collection tool used with interviews and focus groups is called a tool T/F

False

Qualitative researchers often receive training to help keep their own opinions separate from collecting and interpreting data

True

To be considered an experimental design, there must be An intervention Control for extraneous variables Randomization All of these are correct

All of these are correct

The closer a correlation coefficient is to _____, the stronger the relationship between the variables

+/- 1

Which type of descriptive design can tell us about trends and patterns Correlational Repeated cross-sectional Cross-sectional Comparative design

Repeated cross-sectional

In which type of descriptive design do the researchers measure the dependent variable in two or more groups, but do not manipulate the independent variable? Correlational Repeated cross-sectional Cross-sectional Comparative design

Comparative design

New treatments, drugs, or medical devices are tested with human participants in research referred to as Factorial design studies Time series design studies Descriptive cross-sectional studies Clinical trials

Clinical trials

Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design Nonequivalent control group Randomized controlled trial Solomon four-group Comparative design

Nonequivalent control group

Using an intention-to-treat analysis, which participants are included in the results -Only the participants who completed all measures -only the participants who did not drop out -All participants who started the study - It varies

All participants who started the study

In a single blind study, who is blinded -Participants -Research -Data collectors -all of these are correct

Participants

A washout period is necessary in which type of design? -Time series design -Crossover design -Factorial design -randomized controlled trial

Crossover design

Which design combines pretest – post test with post test only? -Time series design -Crossover design -Factorial design -Solomon Four-group

Solomon Four-group

A control group always receives. No treatment of any type. T/F

False

The simplest factorial design is 3 x 3 T/F

False

Correlation coefficient can be greatly affected by one or more outliers? T/F

True

In correlation, if two variables decrease at the same time, this is a negative correlation T/F

False

Sometimes researchers use data already collected in another study, which is referred to a secondary data analysis. T/F

True

Descriptive epidemiology provides information about incidents, meaning number of _____ cases of a disease -existing -New -Existing and new -none of these is correct

New

In a case control study, if the odds ratio is less than one, the exposure is -A casual factor -Protective -neither of these is correct

Protective

An adjusted odd ratio controls for -Dependent variables -Diet -Confounding variables -All of these these are correct

Confounding variables

If the RR in a study is greater than one, is suggests,___risk of the outcome -An increased -A decreased -No difference between the groups in terms of

An increased

The dependent variable is dichotomous in -Linear regression -Logistic regression -Hazard regression -All of these are correct

Logistic regression

Cohort studies often use which statistic? -Odd ratio -Hazard ratio -Relative risk - ANOVA

Relative risk

In linear regression, the independent variable is said to be a good predictor one _____ is significant. -R-squared -B -the covariate - multicollinarity

The _____ ratio is used in cox regression, and looks at the risk of an event in a treated group compared to a comparison group -Relative -Odds -hazard -Risk

Hazard

Cohort and case control studies are observational and analytic T/F

True

Cross-sectional studies describe and compare the incident of a disease in an exposed and unexposed group T/F

False

According to Hill, one criterion for casualty is that the exposure must proceed the effect T/F

True

The odds ratio looks at the odds of an outcome in logistic regression where is in case control studies. The odds ratio looks at the odds of exposure. T/F

True

Which of the following qualitative design focuses on understanding a process among the participants - thematic analysis - phenomenology - Grounded theory - Case studies

Grounded theory

When doing phenomenological research, it is important for the researcher, to put aside any preconceived, ideas, or bias, the process of which is referred to as -A common experience -Bracketing -Training - trustworthiness

Bracketing

The product of thematic analysis is a series of Codes Brackets Themes Memos

Themes

The goal of grounded theory design is to generate a ____ theory Grand Scaled down Baby Sampling

Baby

In a grounded theory, study, researchers, reread transcripts and compare, preliminary codes, themes, and sub themes in a process, known as ____ coding Preliminary Axial Selective Progressive

Axial

Which of the following qualitative designs focuses on organizing key ideas that emerge from the data Thematic analysis Phenomenology Grounded theory Case studies

Thematic analysis

Which of the following qualitative designs attempts to better understand the common experiences of a group of individuals Thematic analysis Phenomenology Grounded theory Case studies

Phenomenology

Due to the rigor used in a _____ design, it can be time and labor intensive compared to other designs Thematic analysis Phenomenological Grounded theory Case study

Grounded theory

The flexibility of thematic analysis enables researchers to collect and analyze several types of data T/F

True

A case of study must be bounded, or fenced in to have a unit of one case T/F

True

Surveys are used in ______ research Nutrition monitoring Clinical nutrition Nutrition epidemiological Patient satisfaction All of these are correct

All of these are correct

When developing response categories for survey questions be sure they: Are comprehensive Do not overlap Are double-barreled Are comprehensive and do not overlap

Are comprehensive and do not overlap

Which of the following is most useful for measuring opinions, attitudes, and feelings? Checklist Rank order scale Likert scale Hedonic scale

Likert scale

Establishing an instrument's ______ validity is done by having mostly untrained people judge whether the format, questions, procedures, and content of the survey are appropriate. Content Face Criterion Construct

Face

Factor analysis can be used to determine an instrument’s _____ validity Content Face Criterion Construct

Construct

Large national studies often use which type of sampling? Convenience Network Multistage Stratified random

Multistage

By including all groups in your sample, you will minimize ______ bias Coverage Instrument Interviewer Attrition

Coverage

Which types of survey asks the same questions at several points in time to a new group of respondents each time? Cross-sectional Retrospective Repeated cross-sectional Panel

Repeated cross-sectional

Which of the following survey methods is the most expensive Mailed Emailed Telephone Face-to-face

Face-to-face

When laying out a questionnaire: - Organize it well with section headings - Use a larger size font - appropriately use white space - go from general questions to more specific questions - all of these are correct

all of these are correct

Quota sampling is an example of which type of sampling Probability Nonprobability Both of these are correct

Nonprobability

The extent to which different questions measuring the same construct produce similar results is called: Test-retest reliability Forms reliability Inter-rater reliability Internal consistency reliability

Internal consistency reliability

A code book shouldn’t close which of the following Varied name and label Where each variable is in the data files How the variable was measured Codes used for each response All are correct

All are correct

Using cognitive interviews is a way to pilot test the survey T/F

False

An interclass correlation coefficient of 0.70 or higher is needed to show adequate test-retest reliability T/F

True

The process of constructing and testing a checklist or skills assessment for reliability and validity involves the same methods used for surveys T/F

True

_____ statistics are used to draw conclusions about a population based on a sample Descriptive Inferential Population Correlational

Inferential

In a normal distribution, what percent of the data fall within two standard deviations of the mean? 68% 95% 99.70% 100%

95%

The ____ level if the probability of making a Type I error Alpha Beta 1 - alpha Power

Alpha

Data that do not fit a normal distribution are considered to be Bell-shaped Skewed Positive Negative

Skewed

A method to compare the means of two groups when the data is interval or ratio is a(n): Chi-square test T-test ANOVA all of these are correct

T-test

When a researcher wants to study the relationship of many independent variables on one dependent variables, they use: Correlation Scatterplots Multiple regression MANOVA

Multiple regression

A Type _____ error is made when researchers reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is true I II III

Use of inferential statistics is best suited to which of the following research questions - Is there a difference between the groups - Is there a relationship among the variables - both of these are correct

both of these are correct

The center of the data set is the Mean Mode Median Average

Median

Which of the following is an example of effect size? Mean difference Standardized mean difference Correlation All of these are correct

All of these are correct

In the next phase of data analysis, researchers must determine _____ from the data that answer their research questions Memos Theories Themes Models

Themes

The number of credits completed by a college student is an example of _____ measurement Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Ratio

After reviewing their data, researchers begin a aliasing data with a method called Note taking Coding jotting reducing

Coding

The most common reported measure of variability is the Range Percentile Standard deviation Semiquartile range

Standard deviation

A statistic that compares the probability of an outcome in two groups is a(n) Relative risk Odds ratio Hazard ratio Confidence interval

Relative risk

During observations, researchers will take notes, also called Themes Field notes Jottings All are correct

Jottings

Qualitative researchers are capable of rigor in their studies by achieving Trust Trustworthiness Triangulation Validity

Trustworthiness

Parametric tests are used to make inferences about the population when the researchers have - Used the probability sampling - normally distributed data - measured variables at the interval or ratio level - reduced error - all are correct

all are correct

When appraising evidence, it is helpful to remember that the mean is best measure of central tendency if there are no extreme values T/F

True

Researchers often use special software to organize and analyze their data T/F

True

When evaluating the researchers, you should check their: • qualifications. • funding sources. • institutions. • All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

A description of the research design and intervention used should be included in the: Introduction Methods Results Discussion

Methods

Discussion of the comparability of the groups and attrition is found in which section Introduction Methods Results Discussion

Results

As you read the results, keep in mind the research objective, and the Literature review Inclusion criteria Statistical significance Hypothesis

Hypothesis

The _________ problem should be easy to find, clearly stated, and convince you that this study is needed. Object Review Research Narrative

Research

An excellent tool to evaluate a study used in the evidence analysis library is the

Quality criteria checklist

In the discussion section, researchers need to explain _______ in results between their study and prior studies Strength Inconsistencies Conclusions All of the above

Inconsistencies

In the method section, researchers need to describe how the sample was selected, and if the process was free from Testing Bias Outcomes All of these are correct

Bias

A hypothesis should clearly predict a relationship between the: Variables Participants Statistics Measurements

Variables

When evaluating the method section, assume that the instruments chosen are appropriate and reliable

False

Exam Flashcards

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