exam Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
refers to providing
individuals, groups, or communities with
information and knowledge about
health-related topics to promote health
literacy and empower them to make
informed decisions about their health.
A
Health Education
2
Q
involves a combination
of health education and various supports,
including organizational, economic, and
environmental factors, aimed at
encouraging behaviors conducive to health
at the individual, group, or community level.
A
Health Promotion
3
Q
entails engaging in
behaviors with the specific intent of
preventing disease, detecting disease early,
or maximizing health within the constraints
of disease. Examples include immunizations
to prevent specific diseases and screenings such as mammograms for early detection of
conditions like breast cancer.
A
Health Protection
4
Q
a
document developed by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 1986. It outlines
strategies and principles for health
promotion, emphasizing the importance of
creating supportive environments,
strengthening community action, developing
personal skills, reorienting health services,
and building healthy public policies.
A
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
5
Q
involves providing
information and resources to individuals to
help them understand their health
conditions, treatment options, and
self-management strategies. It aims to
empower patients to actively participate in
their healthcare decisions and improve
health outcomes.
A
Patient Education
6
Q
refers to the
phenomenon where individuals
underestimate the serving sizes of food,
leading to overconsumption of calories and nutrients. Can also contribute to
weight gain and other health issues.
A
Portion Distortion
7
Q
refers to the probability of harm or
adverse effects occurring as a result of a
particular action, behavior, or exposure to a
hazard.
A
Risk
8
Q
involves the
exchange of information about risks
between experts, authorities, and the public.
It aims to enhance understanding of risks,
promote informed decision-making, and
facilitate appropriate responses to mitigate
or manage risks effectively.
A
Risk Communication
9
Q
involves implementing
measures or interventions to decrease the
likelihood or severity of adverse outcomes
associated with a particular risk. This can
include actions such as lifestyle
modifications, safety practices, or policy
changes.
A
Risk Reduction
10
Q
It involves a combination of health
education and various supports
(organizational, economic, environmental)
aimed at fostering behaviors conducive to
health. It encompasses actions motivated
by the desire to enhance well-being and
achieve optimal health potential (Parse,
1990; Green & Kreuter, 1991).
A
Health Promotion
11
Q
It is driven by the desire to increase
well-being and achieve optimal health
potential. It emphasizes proactive measures
to enhance one’s health rather than merely
reacting to illness
A
Health Promotion
12
Q
It also involves proactive health protection
measures like regular screenings. Mina’s
failure to undergo cardiac screening despite
her family history of heart disease and
skipping mammograms despite her
increased risk of breast cancer
demonstrates a gap in health protection
behaviors, which are crucial for disease
prevention and early detection.
A
Health Promotion
13
Q
● It extends beyond individual care to address
the health needs of entire communities. It
involves understanding the social,
economic, and environmental determinants
of health that influence community
well-being.
A
Community Health Nursing
14
Q
Nurses engage in health
protection activities aimed at preventing
disease, detecting illnesses in their early
stages, and maximizing health within the
constraints of existing conditions. This
includes promoting immunizations,
conducting screenings, and facilitating
access to healthcare services.
A
Community Health Nursing
15
Q
nurses advocate for
policies and initiatives that promote
population health and empower individuals
and communities to take control of their
health. They collaborate with various
stakeholders to address health disparities
and promote health equity within
communities.
A
Community Health Nursing
16
Q
as defined by Oleckano (2002), is the
likelihood of a specific event occurring within a defined timeframe.
A
Risk
17
Q
as described by
Friis (2004), is an exposure associated with the
development of a disease.
A
A risk factor
18
Q
Three criteria for establishing a risk factor:
A
- The frequency of the disease varies by
category, or amount of the factor. - The risk factor must precede the onset of the disease.
- The association of concern must not be due to any source of error.
19
Q
In order to determine health risks to individuals,
groups, and populations, what should be
conducted?
A
risk assessment
20
Q
a systematic way
of distinguishing the risks posed by potentially
harmful exposures.
A
risk assessment
21
Q
four main steps of a risk
assessment
A
hazard identification,
risk description
exposure assessment
risk estimation (Savitz, 1998).
22
Q
directly related to the activities in which
we participate, the food we eat, and substances to
which we are exposed daily. Our gender, age,
genetic makeup, and environment in which we live
also impact it
A
Health
23
Q
Types of risks
A
modifiable risks and nonmodifiable risks.
24
Q
are those aspects
of health risk over which an individual has
some control. Examples of modifiable risk
factors include smoking a sedentary or
active lifestyle, type and amount of food
eaten, and type of activities in which one
engages (eg. mountaineering is riskier than
bowling).
A
Modifiable risk factors
25
are those
aspects of risk over which one has little or
no control. Examples include genetic
makeup, gender, age, and environmental
exposures.
Nonmodifiable risk factors
26
a proactive process in
which individuals participate in behaviors
that enable them to react to actual or
potential threats to their health (Pender,
1996).
Risk reduction
27
the process
through which the public receives
information regarding possible or actual
threats to health.
Risk communication
28
a new source of risk communication
for many community members. Newspapers,
periodicals, radio, IV. and billboards are
long-standing sources of health information in
public health.
The Internet
29
one of the most modifiable of risk factors
diet
30
Obesity affecting Filipino adults is
known as what shaped?
android or apple-shaped type
31
A criterion recommended by the World Health Organization, to measure abdominal fat accumulation
waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
32
plays a crucial role in
preventing chronic diseases like type 2
diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and
certain cancers.
A healthy diet
33
WHR result for obesity for men and women in Philippines?
equal to or more than 1.0 in men
equal to or more than 0.85 in women
34
result from an
imbalance between caloric intake and
physical activity
Overweight and obesity
35
The Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos provide simple and practical advice for promoting a healthy diet and lifestyle
1. Eat a variety of foods every day.
2. Breast feed infants exclusively from birth to 4-6
months and then give appropriate foods while
continuing breastfeeding.
3. Maintain children's normal growth through proper
diet and monitor their growth regularly.
4. Consume fish, lean meat, poultry, or dried beans.
5. Eat more vegetables, fruits, and root crops.
6. Eat foods cooked in edible/cooking oil daily.
7. Consume milk, milk products, and other
calcium-rich foods such as small fish and dark
green leafy vegetables every day.
8. Use iodized salt, but avoid excessive intake of
salty foods.
9. Eat clean and safe food.
10. For a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition,
exercise regularly, do not smoke, and avoid
drinking alcoholic beverages.
36
Parameters applied in the walkability survey
● Walking path modal conflict
● Availability of walking paths
● Availability of crossings
● Grade crossing safety
● Motorist behavior
● Amenities
● Disability infrastructure
● Obstructions
● Security from crime
37
How much sleep do Newborns (1-2 months) need?
10.5 - 18 hours
38
How much sleep do Infants (3-11 months) need?
10 - 12 hours during
night and 30 minutes to
two hour naps, one to
four times a day
39
How much sleep do Toddlers (1-3 years) need?
12 - 14 hours
40
How much sleep do Preschoolers (3-5
years) need?
11 - 13 hours
41
How much sleep do School-aged children
(5-12 years) need?
10 - 11 hours
42
How much sleep do Teens (11-17) need?
8.5 - 9.25 hours
43
How much sleep do Adults need?
7 - 9 hours
44
How much sleep do Older adults need?
7 - 9 hours
45
essential component of chronic disease
prevention and health promotion, yet 74% of adults
report having a sleeping problem one or more
nights per week.
Sleep
46
If patients report snoring, apnea, restlessness, or
insomnia, they may have ?
sleep disorders
47
The American Cancer Society recommends the
following steps to quit smoking:
1. Make the decision to quit. Any change is
scary, and smoking cessation is a big
change requiring a long-term commitment.
2. Set a date to quit and choose a plan.
3. Deal with withdrawal through
4. Staying off tobacco is a lifelong process.
Many former smokers state that they
experienced strong desires to smoke after
weeks, months, even years of smoking
cessation. These unexpected cravings can
be difficult to deal with.
48
Clinical Implications Regarding Tobacco Use
● First, community health nurses must ask
about tobacco use at every clinic visit, or
home visit, and look for teachable moments
when clients may be interested.
● Assess the clients tobacco use by asking
questions like “Do you use tobacco?”, “What
kind of tobacco?”
● Explore with clients why they may or may
have not considered giving up tobacco habit
and what options are available to help them
quit.
● Refer the client to Smoking Cessation
website or other healthcare professionals.
49
Also known as The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
Republic Act of 9211:
50
prohibits smoking in public places and sale
of tobacco products to minors
Republic Act of 9211:
51
The law requires a printed warning on
cigarette packages. It prohibits all forms of
tobacco advertising in mass media and
regulates other forms of tobacco products.
Republic Act of 9211:
52
Health authorities have defined moderation in drinking alcohol as?
* not more than two drinks a day for the average-sized man
* not more than one drink a day for the
average-sized woman
53
Is defined as consuming more
than two drinks per day on average for men
more than one drink per day for women.
Heavy drinking:
54
Is drinking five or more drinks on a
single occasion for men, or four or more drinks on a
single occasion for women.
Binge drinking:
55
Can take the form of heavy
drinking, binge drinking, or both.
Excessive drinking
56
those who should not drink at all
● Pregnant or trying to become pregnant
women
● People taking prescription or
over-the-counter medications that may
cause harmful reactions when mixed with
alcohol.
● People younger than 21 years.
● People recovering from alcoholism or are
unable to control the amount that they drink.
● People suffering from a medical condition
that may be worsened by alcohol.
● Anyone driving, planning to drive, or
participating in other activities requiring skill,
coordination, and alertness.
57
responsible for many health problems such as liver
disease or unintentional injuries, frequently
preceding violence, and accidents.
Alcohol use, particularly heavy alcohol use
58
Ten target areas for national action to reduce
the harmful use of alcohol:
1. Leadership, awareness, commitment
2. Health service response
3. Community action
4. Drink-driving policies and countermeasures
5. Availability of alcohol
6. Marketing of alcoholic beverages
7. Pricing policies
8. Reducing the negative consequences of
intoxication
9. Reducing the public health impact of
unrecorded alcohol
10. Monitoring and surveillance
59
How does The Ottawa Charter define health promotion?
the
process of enabling people to increase control over,
and to improve, their health, which requires that an
individual or group must be able to identify and
realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change
or cope with the environment.
60
The Charter identifies prerequisites for health
and three basic strategies for health promotion:
1. Advocacy for health to provide for the
conditions and resources essential for
health
2. Enabling all people to attain their full health
potential,
3. Mediating among the different sectors of
society in efforts to achieve health.
61
The fundamental conditions and resources for health
● Peace
● Shelter
● Education
● Food
● Income
● A stable ecosystem
● Sustainable resources
● Social justice and equity
62
requires the identification
of obstacles to the adoption of healthy public
policies in non-health sectors and ways of removing
them
Health promotion policy
63
5 PRIORITY ACTION AREAS TO SUPPORT THE
THREE STRATEGIES
1. Build health public policy
2. Create Supportive Environments
3. Develop Personal skills
4. Reorient Health services
5. Moving into the future
64
Health
promotion puts health on the agenda of
policy makers in all sectors and at all levels,
directing them to be aware of the health
consequences of their decisions and to
accept their responsibilities for health.
Build Healthy Public Policy
65
Health
cannot be separated from other goals. The
inextricable links between people and their
environment constitute the basis for a
socioecological approach to health. The
overall guiding principle for the world,
nations, regions, and communities alike is
the need to encourage reciprocal
maintenance to take care of each other, our
communities, and our natural environment
Create Supportive Environments.
66
Health
promotion works through concrete and
effective community actions in setting
priorities, making decisions, planning
strategies, and implementing them to
achieve better health. At the heart of this
process is the empowerment of
communities-their ownership and control of
their own endeavors and destinies
Strengthen Community Actions.
67
Health promotion
supports personal and social development
through providing information, education for
health, and enhancing life skills. By so
doing, it increases the options available to
people to exercise more control over their
health and their environments and to make
choices conducive to health. Enabling
people to learn, throughout life, to prepare
them for all of its stages and to cope with
chronic illness and injuries is essential
Develop Personal Skills
68
The
responsibility for health promotion in health
services is shared among individuals,
community groups, health professionals,health service institutions, and
governments. They must work together
towards a health care system that
contributes to the pursuit of health. The role
of the health sector must move increasingly
in a health promotion direction, beyond its
responsibility for providing clinical and
curative services.
Reorient Health Services.
69
Health is created
and lived by people within the settings of
their everyday life, where they learn, work,
play, and love. Health is created by caring
for oneself and others, by being able to take
decisions and have control over one's life
circumstances, and by ensuring that the
society one lives in creates conditions that
allow the attainment of health by all its
members.
Moving into the Future.
70
entail clients' deliberate performance or
avoidance of particular actions. This performance
or avoidance ensures that people be equipped with
certain knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The nurse
is in a position to provide clients with both
structured and unstructured learning experiences to
develop these necessary competencies
Health promotion, health protection, and risk reduction
71
is the process of
changing people's knowledge, skills, and
attitudes for health promotion and risk
reduction. The nurse participates in health
education by empowering people so that
they are able to achieve optimum health
and prevent disease by bringing about
lifestyle changes and reducing exposure to
health risks in the environment.
Health Education
72
usually refers to a
series of planned teaching-learning
activities designed for individuals, families,
or groups with an identified alteration in
health. Its purposes are to aid the client in
coping with the event, to prevent
complications or deterioration of the client's
condition, and, in cases of communicable
diseases, to prevent transmission of the
disease.
Patient Education
73
basic principles for an Effective nurse educator
1. Message - Send a clear message
2. Format - select the most appropriate
learning format or strategy
3. Environment- create the best possible
learning environment
4. Experience- Organize positive and
meaningful learning experiences
5. Participation- Engage the learner in
participatory learning.
6. Evaluation- Evaluate and give objective
feedback to the learner.
74
Create the best possible
learning environment. This must be applied
from the start, that is, from the time the
nurse composes the invitation to the
learning activity. Aside from having a
physical environment conducive to learning,
the nurse must create a therapeutic and
supportive relationship with the learner
Environment
74
Select the most appropriate
learning format or strategy. The strategy
must match the objectives of the learning
activity and the characteristics of the
learner. For example, a demonstration of
the procedure will be helpful in teaching a
first-time mother how to prepare solid foods
for her 6-month old baby.
Format
74
Send a clear message to the
learner. Information must be presented in a manner that is understandable to the
learner. The nurse needs to consider factors
that may affect the learner's ability to
receive and retain the information
Message.
75
Organize positive and
meaningful learning experiences.
Sequencing of materials in a logical manner
from simple to more complex concepts
allows building on previous learning
Experience.
76
Engage the learner in
participatory learning. The nurse
encourages learners’ participation by
involving them in discussions and other
group activities, soliciting feedback, role
playing, and return demonstration after a
demonstration are some methods of
participatory learning.
Participation
77
Evaluate and give objective
feedback to the learner. Using tools such as
quizzes, individual conferences, and return
demonstrations, the nurse may monitor and
evaluate learning outcome
Evaluation
78
Community health workers should be:
● Members of the communities where they
work
● Should be selected by the communities
● Should be answerable to the communities
for their activities
● Should be supported by the health system
but not necessarily a part of its organization
● Have shorter training than professional
workers
79
CHWs in the Philippines are known as?
barangay health workers (BHWs)
80
They are trained in
providing health services, such as basic health
assessment and simple remedies for common
health concerns. Health assessment training
includes taking vital signs, physical assessment,
and simple differential diagnostic techniques
particularly for areas where professional health
workers may not be accessible.
barangay health workers (BHWs)
81
is an essential component to
ongoing good health and well-being, yet many
people have difficulty with one or more of the
components of health promotion
Health promotion
82
The world Health Organization reports it as the leading cause of mortality.
non communicable diseases
83
It is medical condition that is noninfectious and non transmissible (WHO,2010)
non communicable diseases
84
What are non communicable diseases also referred as due to their long
duration?
CHRONIC DISEASE
85
are a group of disorders of
the heart and blood vessels and they include:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
86
disease of the blood vessels
supplying the heart muscle;
coronary heart disease
87
disease of the blood vessels
supplying the brain;
cerebrovascular disease
88
disease of blood vessels
supplying the arms and legs
peripheral arterial disease
89
damage to the heart muscle and
heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by
streptococcal bacteria (WHO,2011)
rheumatic heart disease
90
A blood pressure category of systolic: Less than 120 and diastolic: Less than 80
Normal
91
A blood pressure category of systolic: 120-129 and diastolic: less than 80
Elevated
92
A blood pressure category of systolic: 130-139 and diastolic: 80-89
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 1
93
A blood pressure category of systolic: 140 or higher and diastolic: 90 or higher
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 2
94
A blood pressure category of systolic: higher than 180 and diastolic: higher than 120
Hypertensive Crisis
95
Classification of LDL <100
Optimal
96
Classification of LDL 100-129
Near optimal/above optimal
97
Classification of LDL 130-159
Borderline High
98
Classification of LDL 160-189
High
99
Classification of LDL ≥190
Very High
100
Classification of Total Cholesterol <200
Desriable
101
Classification of Total Cholesterol 200-239
Borderline High
102
Classification of Total Cholesterol ≥ 240
High
103
Classification of HDL Cholesterol < 40
Low
104
Classification of HDL Cholesterol ≥ 60
High
105
*one of the most common causes of death
worldwide. In the Philippines,50,000 cancer
cases have been recorded and this number
is estimated to increase by 5 %every
year(WHO,2010).
Cancer
106
A disease of the lungs in which the airways narrow over time
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
107
What is included in COPD?
1.chronic bronchitis
2.Chronic asthma
3.emphysema
108
A group of metabolic disease in which an individual
has high blood sugar because the pancreas does not
produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond to
the insulin produced. Hyperglycemia is a common
effect
Diabetes
109
RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE
1.Physical Inactivity
2.Cigarette smoking
3.Unhealthy eating
4.Excessive alcohol drinking
5.Viruses
6.Radiation
110
BMI of <18.5
Underweight
111
BMI of 18.5-24.9
Normal Range
112
BMI of 25.0-29.9
Overweight
113
BMI of ≥ 30
Obese
114
BMI of 30.0-34.9
Obese Class I
115
BMI of 35.0-39.9
Obese Class II
116
BMI of ≥ 40
Obese Class III
117
a major risk factor for
developing cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular disease, lung
cancer, and chronic lung
disease(WHO,2011).
Smoking
118
5 A's to quit tobacco
Ask
Advise
Assess
Assist
Arrange
119
5R's to increase motivation to quit tobacco
Relevance
Risks
Rewards
Roadblocks
Repetition
120
Providing For the Establishment of Smoke-free Environment to the Public and Enclosed Places
Effectivity of E.O 26
121
It is an integral part of every individual. Mental health as a state of
social well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own
potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to her or
his community (WHO,1999).
Mental Health
122
A mental health condition that has a negative effect on the way an individual thinks, feels, and behaves
Mental Illness
123
FOUR facets as a Public Health Burden
1.DEFINED OR DIRECT BURDEN
2.Undefined or indirect Burden
3.Hidden Burden
4.Future or health burden
124
-burden affecting
persons with mental disorders such as cost of treatment,
quality of life , and disability.
.DEFINED OR DIRECT BURDEN
125
-Burden relating to the
impact of mental health problems to others such as family
members or the community who care for the patient
Undefined or indirect Burden-
126
-Stigma and violations or human rights
to persons affected with mental health problems
.Hidden Burden
127
burden resulting from the aging
population or increasing social problems
Future or health burden
128
MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
DOH Administrative Order No. 8 series of 2001 The National Mental Health Policy
DOH Administrative Order No. 2016-0039 Revised Operational Framework for a
Comprehensive National Mental Health Program
Republic Act No. 11036 Mental Health Act
129
The National Mental Health Policy
DOH Administrative Order No. 8 series of 2001
130
Revised Operational Framework for a
Comprehensive National Mental Health Program
DOH Administrative Order No. 2016-0039
131
Mental Health Act
Republic Act No. 11036
132
A general term for impairments, activity ,limitations and participation restrictions.
DISABILITY
133
3 dimensions of disability
1.Impairment
2.Activity limitation
3.Participation restrictions
134
examples of include loss of a limb, loss of vision or memory loss.
.Impairment
135
difficulty seeing,
hearing, walking, or problem solving.
.Activity limitation
136
normal daily
activities, such as working, engaging in social and
recreational activities, and obtaining health care and
preventive services.
Participation restrictions
137
defined as a visual acuity worse
than 20/400 with the best possible
correction, or a visual field of 10 degrees or
less.
Blindness
138
means visual acuity
of 20/200 or worse with the best possible
correction or a visual field of 20 degrees or
less.
Legal blindness in the US
139
● One of major public health problem in the
Philippines
● Leading causes of morbidity
Communicable Diseases
140
● illnesses caused by an infectious agent or its
toxic products that are transmitted directly or
indirectly to a person, animal, or intermediary
host or inanimate environment.
Communicable Diseases
141
● Transmitted through direct physical
contact.
Contagious
142
● Transmitted indirectly through
contaminated food, body fluids
objects, airborne inhalation, or through
vector organisms.
Infectious
143
Morbidity 10 leading causes in Philippines 2014
1. Acute Respiratory Infection
2. Pneumonia
3. Hypertension
4. UTI
5. Bronchitis
6. Influenza
7. Diarrhea\
8. TB respiratory
9. Dengue Fever
10. TB all forms
144
Mortality 10 leading causes in Philippines 2013
1. Diseases of heart
2. Diseases Vascular system
3. Malignant Neoplasm
4. Pneumonia
5. Accidents
6. DM
7. Chronic LRD
8. TB
9. Nephritis....
145
● Globally, new HIV infections declined by 38%
between 2001 and 2013.
● Existing cases of tuberculosis are declining,
along with deaths among HIV-negative
tuberculosis cases.
Millenium Development Goal
146
— organism involved in the development of
the disease
● e.g. bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae
AGENT
147
any organism that harbors and provides
nutrition for the agent
HOST
148
a condition in which the agent
may exist, survive or originate
● e.g. physical, biological, socio-economic
ENVIRONMENT
149
Chain of reaction
Causative Agent-->Reservoir-->Portal of Exit-->Mode of Transmission-->Portal of Entry-->Susceptible Host
150
any organism capable of
producing a disease. It includes bacteria, viruses,
rickettsiae, fungi, protozoa and helminths.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
151
the environment or object in or on
which an organism survives and multiplies. Inanimate
objects, human beings, and other animals can serve
as reservoir
RESERVOIR
152
path by which an agent leaves
its reservoir
● e.g. respiratory, genitourinary
PORTAL OF EXIT
153
— means by which the
agent passes from the portal of exit in the reservoir to
the susceptible host
● e.g. airborne, droplet, vector
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
154
path by which an agent
invades a susceptible host
e.g. usually the same as a portal of exit
PORTAL OF ENTRY
155
various factors of the
individual that present barriers to the invasion and
multiplication of agent.
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
156
Functions of the Public Health Nurse
● Report immediately to the Municipal Health
Office any known case of notifiable disease
● Refer immediately to the nearest hospital
● Conduct a strong health education program
directed toward prevention of an outbreak
● Assist on the diagnosis of the suspect based
on the signs and symptoms
● Conduct epidemiological investigations as a
means of contacting families’ case finding and
individual as well as community health
education.
157
TUBERCULOSIS is also known as
Phthisis
Consumption disease
Koch’s disease.
158
Causative Vs. Agent of TUBERCULOSIS
● Mycobacterium tuberculosis
● Mycobacterium africanum (from
humans)
● Mycobacterium bovis (from cattle)
159
Mode of Transmission of TB
● AIRBORNE DROPLET
● through inhalation of coughing, singing
or sneezing
160
Incubation Period Of TB
● 4-6 weeks
161
Signs and Symptoms of TB
● Low-grade fever in late afternoon
● Loss of appetite
● Easy fatigability
● Night sweats
● Dry cough then later productive with
hemoptysis
● Chest pain
162
Laboratory / Diagnostic Tests OF TB
1. Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSm 18)
2. Chest X-ray
3. Tuberculin skin test (TST)/ PPD test or
Mantoux test
163
Roles and responsibilities of the nurse in the NTP
and DOTS strategy
● Administrator
● Health educator
● Case manager and coordinator
● Community organizer
● Treatment partner
● TB program advocate
164
Is a mosquito borne infection found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world
Dengue
165
The Four Serotypes of Dengue
● DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4
166
Other Names of Dengue
Hemorrhagic fever,
Break bone,
Dandy fever,
Dengue Shock syndrome
167
Signs and symptoms of Dengue
Headache
Eye pain
Rash
Muscle ache
Nausea and Vomiting
Bone pain
Joint pain
168
Three Categories of Dengue
● Undifferentiated Fever
● Dengue Fever (DF)
● Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).
169
Laboratory / Diagnostic tests of Dengue
1. Tourniquet test(Rumpel Leads test)18
2. Capillary refill test or Nail blanch test
3. Platelet count and Hematocrit
4. Hemagglutination –inhibition test
170
Nursing Management of Dengue
● Give Paracetamol every 6 hours
● Encourage oral intake of Oral Rehydration
Solution (ORS)
● Avoid dark-colored foods
● Ensure bed rest and protect from trauma
● Do not give IM injections
● Instruct to bring to the hospital if with severe
abdominal pain, no clinical improvement,
persistent vomiting, cold and clammy
extremities, lethargy or irritability, bleeding,
black stools or coffee ground vomiting, no
urine more than 4-6 hours
● Blood transfusion should be given as soon as
severe bleeding is suspected or recognized
● In cases of shock, place the patient in a
DORSAL RECUMBENT position.
● Monitor laboratory results, especially platelet
and hematocrit
171
is a serious and sometimes fatal
disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a
certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.
MALARIA
172
Mode of Transmission of MALARIA
Vector female anophales
173
Causative Agent of Malaria
Protozoa Genus Plasmodium
P. Falciparum
P. Vivax
P. Ovale
P. Malariae
P. Knowiesi
174
Other names for Malaria
Marsh Fever
Periodic Fever
King of Tropical Disease
175
Laboratory / Diagnostic Tests for Malaria
1. Travel history in a malaria-endemic area
e.g. Palawan and Mindoro
2. Blood smear
3. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)
176
Triad of Symptoms for Malaria
● Recurrent fever preceded by chills and
profuse sweating
● Malaise
● Anemia
177
Prevention and Control for Malaria
1. Mosquito Control
2. Chemical methods — use of insecticides
3. Biological methods of steam seeding
4. Zooprophylaxis — larvae-eating fish, and farm
animals should be kept near the house
5. Environmental methods — cleaning and
irrigation canals
6. Screening of houses
7. Educational methods
8. Mechanical methods — use of fly swats or
traps
9. Universal precaution
10. Screening of blood donors
178
Other Names for FILARIASIS
● Elephantiasis
● Filarioidea infection
179
Causative Agent of FILARIASIS
● Wuchereria bancrofti, Burgia malayi
180
Mode of Transmission of FILARIASIS
● Bite of mosquito
181
Vector of FILARIASIS
● Aedes poecilus, Culex Quinquefasciatus
182
Signs and Symptoms of FILARIASIS
● CHILLS, FEVER, MYALGIA, LYMPHANGITIS
and gradual thickening of the skin commonly
affecting limbs, scrotum resulting in
elephantiasis and hydrocele.
183
Laboratory / Diagnostic Tests of FILARIASIS
Circulating filarial (Hetrazan) antigen (CFA) –
finger prick
184
Treatment of FILARIASIS
● Diethylcarbamazine Citrate
185
Prevention of FILARIASIS
● Eradication of vectors
186
Oral Treatment of FILARIASIS
1. CHLOROQUINE PHOSPHATE 250mg (all
species except P. malariae)
2. SULFADOXINE 50mg — for resistant P.
falciparum
3. PRIMAQUINE — for relapse P. vivax and P.
ovale
4. PYRIMETHAMINE 25 mg/tab.
5. QUININE SULFATE 300 mg./tab
6. TETRACYCLINE HCL 250 mg/cap
7. QUINIDINE SULFATE 200 mg durules
187
Parenteral Treatment of FILARIASIS
1. QUINIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 300 mg/ml,
2ml
2. QUINIDINE GLUCONATE 80 mg 50 mg) 1
vial
188
Other Names of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
● Bilharziasis
● Snail Fever
189
Causative Agent of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
● Schistosoma japonicum
● Schistosoma mansoni
● Schistosoma haematrobium
190
Vector of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
● Oncomelania quadrasi
191
Incubation Period of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
● 2 months
192
Mode of Transmission of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
● Vehicle (water)
● Indirect (skin pores)
193
Signs and Symptoms of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
● Rash at the site of inoculation
194
Prevention of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
1. Proper disposal or feces and urine
2. Proper irrigation of all stagnant bodies of
water
3. Prevent exposure to contaminated water
(Wear rubber boots)
4. Eradication of breeding places of snails
195
Laboratory Test of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
1. COPT (Cercum Ova Precipitin Test)
2. Kato Katz technique
196
Treatment of SCHISTOSOMIASIS
1. Praziquantel (Biltricide)
2. Oxamniquine (for S. mansoni and
S.haematobium)
197
Other Names of LEPTOSPIROSIS
● Canicola / Well’s Disease
198
Incubation Period of LEPTOSPIROSIS
● 7-13 dYA
199
Laboratory / Diagnostic Test of LEPTOSPIROSIS
● Blood Culture
● Leptospira Agglutination Test (LAT)
200
Signs and Symptoms of LEPTOSPIROSIS
1. Septicemic — high, remittent fever 4-7 days,
myalgia, myositis, particularly calf pain
2. Immune / toxic stage — jaundice
3. Convalescence
201
Treatment of LEPTOSPIROSIS
● Penicillin or Tetracycline
● Symptomatic nursing management
202
Other Names of LEPROSY
● Hanseniasis
● Hansen’s Disease
● Leontiasis
203
The Main Symptoms of LEPROSY
● Muscle weakness
● Numbness in the hands, arms, feet, and legs
204
Skin Lesions of LEPROSY
● The skin lesions result in decreased sensation
to touch, temperature, or pain. They don’t
heal, even after several weeks. They’re lighter
than your normal skin tone or they may be
reddened from inflammation.
205
Causative agent of Leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
206
a chronic, progressive bacterial
infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium
leprae. It primarily affects the nerves of the extremities, the skin, the lining of the nose, and the
upper respiratory tract.
LEPROSY
207
What laws of GOVERNING CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Reporting of Communicable Diseases belong to?
REPUBLIC ACT 3573
208
What laws of GOVERNING CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES An Act Further
Liberalizing the Treatment of Leprosy belong to?
REPUBLIC ACT NO 4073
209
What laws of GOVERNING CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Philippine AIDS prevention and control act of 1998
belong to?
REPUBLIC ACT 8504
210
What laws of GOVERNING CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Anti-Rabies Act of 2007 belong to?
REPUBLIC ACT 9482
211
What laws of GOVERNING CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Pronounced
the National Tuberculosis Control Program belong to?
MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 98-155
212
What laws of GOVERNING CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES National Dengue Awareness Month, and
formulation of the National Dengue Prevention and Control Program belong to?
PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION NO. 1204 of 1998
213
● Requires all individuals and health facilities to
report notifiable diseases to local and national
authorities Category I (immediately notifiable)
includes acute flaccid paralysis, adverse event
following immunization, anthrax, human avian
influenza, measles, meningococcal disease,
neonatal tetanus, paralytic shellfish poisoning,
rabies and SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome) Category II (Weekly notifiable)
includes acute bloody diarrhea, acute
encephalitis syndrome, acute hemorrhagic
fever syndrome, acute viral hepatitis, bacterial
meningitis, cholera, dengue, diphtheria,
influenza-like illness, leptospirosis, malaria,
non-neonatal tetanus, pertussis, typhoid and
paratyphoid fever,
REPUBLIC ACT 3573 — Reporting of
Communicable Diseases
214
● "Sec. 1059. Confinement and treatment in the
sanitarium when necessary. -Whenever a
person afflicted with leprosy shall have
developed the disease to such stage as to
require institutional treatment and the leprosy
officer shall so certify, the said person shall
forthwith be sent to a government operated
sanitarium and be treated therein until such
time as the Secretary of Health or his
authorized representative decides that
institutional treatment is no longer necessary."
REPUBLIC ACT NO 4073 — An Act Further
Liberalizing the Treatment of Leprosy
215
● An act promulgating policies and prescribing
measures for the prevention and control of
hiv/aids in the philippines, instituting a
nationwide hiv/aids program, establishing a
comprehensive hiv/aids monitoring system,
strengthening the philippine national aids
council, and for other purposes
REPUBLIC ACT 8504 — Philippine AIDS
prevention and control act of 1998
216
● An act providing for the control and elimination
of human and animal rabies, prescribing
penalties for violation thereof and
appropriating funds therefore.
REPUBLIC ACT9482 — Anti-Rabies Act of 2007
217
● As the highest priority public health program
of the LGUs
MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 98-155 — Pronounced
the National Tuberculosis Control Program
218
— Declaring the month of June of every year as
National Dengue Awareness Month, and
formulation of the National Dengue Prevention and
Control Program to reduce morbidity and mortality
PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION NO. 1204 of 1998
