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1
Q

What does Philosophy mean

A

-Comes from ancient Greek in which “Philo” means love and “Sophia” means wisdom.
-Therefore,, translates to the love of wisdom

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2
Q

What are the 5 branches of philosphy

A

-Metaphysics: What is reality?
-Epistemology: What is knowledge?
-Ethics: What is the right thing to do?
-Aesthetics: What is beauty?
-Logic: What is good reasoning?

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3
Q

What is moral philosophy?

A

-Also referred to as Ethics, deals w/ the nature of morality and the theories used to arrive at decisions about what one ought to do and why.

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4
Q

What Q’s do moral ethicists attempt to answer

A
  1. What is good? What makes actions/ppl good?
  2. What is right? What makes actions right?
  3. Is morality objective/subjective?
  4. How should I treat others
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5
Q

What does philosophy teach?

A

-Critical reflective thinking
-Value of understanding issues
-Appreciation of prblms and resolution of difficulties

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6
Q

What are moral difficulties?

A

-Moral plurality
-The facts
-Prejudice
-No easy method

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7
Q

What is moral agency

A

-Listen to reason
-Consider options impartially
-Be willing and able to change your mind

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8
Q

Moral arguments…

A

-…have good, non-arbitrary reasons
-…impartial consideration of interests
-…moral principles

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9
Q

What are virtue ethics

A

According to Aristotle they are key ethical framework that emphasizes the development of virtues, or good character traits as the key to living a morally good life.

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10
Q

Aristotle lived from…

A

-…384 - 322 BC

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11
Q

The big Q of Nicomachean Ethics is?

A

What kind of person am i to be morally or ethically

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12
Q

What is a human beings teleos (purpose)

A

To achieve eudaimonia which means a state of happiness or human flourishing

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13
Q

What are virtues?

A

Character dispositions/personality traits which are purposive and settled in determining the right way to behave or act.

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14
Q

Opposite of virtues are?

A

Vices
-Character traits manifested in habitual action that are considered bad for a person to have

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15
Q

What is the Golden Mean

A

A tool used to gauge where virtues lie between extremes of deficiency and excess

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16
Q

What is Act utilitarianism

A

An act that solely considers the course of action that will result in the most benefit for the most amount of people

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17
Q

What is rule utilitarianism

A

It employs a rule that is most likely to result in the greatest good for the greatest amount of people

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18
Q

Provide benefits for rule utilitarianism

A

Takes into account individual liberty

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19
Q

Jeremy Bentham is associated w/ which utilitarian theory?

A

Act utilitarianism

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20
Q

John Stuart Mill is associated w/ which utilitarian theory?

A

Rule utilitarianism

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21
Q

Provide benefits of Act utilitarianism

A

-Acts to maximize utility
-Provides a basis for economic and social policy
-Provides the foundation for cost-benefit analyses

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22
Q

Provides critiques/disadv of Act utilitarianism

A

-Does not take individual liberty into account
-Permits social injustice
-The only morally relevant feature of an act is its consequences, namely its utility

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23
Q

Define utilitarianism

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A

A consequentialist ethical theory that is based on the greater good for the greatest number of people

24
Q

Define consequentialism

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A

An ethical theory that judges whether an action is god/bas is dependent on its consequences.

25
What does Mill's utilitarian state?
That we should maximize utility, not on a case-by-case basis, but in the long run and over time, respecting individual liberty which lead to the greatest human happiness.
26
What are disadv of virtue ethics
-Neglects the Q of prescribing what we should do -Doesn't tell us exactly what to do
27
Adv of virtue ethics
-Gives natural and attractive account of moral motivation -Leaves room for actions dependent on the nuances of the situation -Provides moral motivation
28
What is Ubuntu?
An African proverb -"I am because we are, since we are therefore i am" ~ John S Mbiti -"A person is a person through other persons" ~ Desmond Tutu
29
What is at the heart of Ubuntu?
-Community -Harmony
30
What does "community" in Ubuntu entail?
One man cannot surround an anthill... its takes a village
31
What are the branches of harmony?
-Social space -Physical space -Spiritual space
32
What is social harmony?
-Means shared identity and solidarity -It is upheld as the gr8st/ultimate good -Aim to maximize harmony -"Communal, harmonious, or cohesive relationships w/ others" ~ Metz
33
What is morality?
-A function of XP and communal rationality -What is right/wrong is determined by elders of community
34
What are elders?
-Fountains of wisdom (incl moral wisdom) -Custodians of moral, epistemological (knowledge) and ontological (reality) wisdom
35
What is a dialogue?
2-way comm. where ppl involved don't have to hold the same views, but have diff POV's on issues of mutual concern.
36
What is common moral position?
A moral pos agreed to by majority of elders
37
Problems w/ Ubuntu/ Normative ethics?
-Groupthink/Conformity -Mob justice -Tyranny or majority
38
What is deontology?
-Deon (comes from the Greek word and it means obligation /duty) -Deontology is an approach to ethics that focuses on rightness/wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness/wrongness of the consequence of the actions -A duty based approach -Holds that some acts are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences
39
What is the highest good in deontology?
Good will -To act from a good will is to act from duty
40
Deontology is often associated w/ German philosopher
Immanual Kant
41
Immanual Kant lived from...
... 1724 - 1804
42
Why is Kant's theory of ethics considered deontological
1. Argues that to act in a morally right way, ppl must act according to duty (deon) 2. Kant argued that its not the consequences of actions that make them right/wrong but the motives of the ppl carrying out the actions
43
According to Kant, the highest good is one...
...that's both good in itself and good w/ qualification
44
What are the 2 imperatives (kinds) of duty
1. Hypothetical Imperative 2. Categorical Imperative
45
What is hypothetical imperative?
-Conditioned upon another end Eg: Do not steal or you will go to jail Eg: Take an umbrella in case it rains
46
What are categorical imperatives (CI's)
-Unconditional and absolute -A persons unconditional moral obligation to act from duty Eg: You shouldn't kill, Don't steal etc
47
What are the 3 versions/formulations of CIs
1. Universalization Formulation (Act according to the maxim (moral rule) by which you can also will that it would become a universal law) - if u do an action, the everyone can should also do it 2. Humanity principle (Act in such a way that u always treat humanity, never simply as means but always @ the same time as an end) - treat stakeholders as ppl 3. The business firm as a moral community (Act as though u were, thru your maxims, a law making member of a kingdom of ends)
48
Examples of extreme poverty
-Shortage of food -Can't save money -Live in unstable house
49
Egs of absolute affluence
-More income to spend on luxuries -Taking exotic holidays
50
5 differences btwn killing and allowing someone to die
1. Motivation is different 2. Not difficult to act in accordance w/ a rule against killing ppl, on the other hand its difficult to obey a rule that commands saving all the lives we can 3. There is a gr8er certainty in shooting someone compared to not helping/gibing aid 4. Identifiable individuals when it comes to shootings, not with poverty 5. Might be said that the plight of the hungry is not my doing to i dont need to help
51
Ways to reduce poverty
**Individual** -Donations -Charity **Gov't** -Foreign aid -Overseas aid
52
What is intrinsic motivation?
-Comes from w/in -When intrinsically motivated, you engage in an act because u enjoy it and get personal satisfaction from it
53
What is extrinsic motivation?
-Comes from external factors -When extrinsically motivated, you engage in an act to gain an external reward/incentive
54
Argument for the obligation to assist
Plausible principle: If it is in our power to prevent something, w/o sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance, we ought to do it.
55
Objections to assisting
-Taking care of our own -Property rights (have no obligation to give away our wealth) -Population and the ethics of triage -Leaving it to the govt -Too high a standard and too demanding

Philosophy (3 decks)

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