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1
Q
  • Landscape Structure and Function:
A

The structure, such as patch arrangement, affects functions like species movement and resource flow across the landscape

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2
Q
  • Change and Structure
A

Environmental changes like fire can alter the structure by creating or removing habitat patches

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3
Q
  • Island Biogeography Theory
A

Colonization and extinction rates drive species diversity on islands; larger islands and those closer to the mainland support more species.

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4
Q
  • Historical Perspective in Landscape Ecology
A

Understanding past changes helps explain current landscape patterns and ecological conditions

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5
Q
  • Natural vs. Disturbance Patches
A

: Natural patches are stable areas (e.g., wetlands), while disturbance patches are created by events like fire or logging

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6
Q
  • Incidence Function for Interior Species
A

Interior species are more likely to be found in larger patches due to lower edge effects and increased habitat stability

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7
Q
  • Species-Area Relationship
A

The relationship typically follows a logarithmic curve, explained by habitat diversity, target size for colonization, and extinction reduction

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8
Q
  • Time-lag Effect and Extinction Debt
A

Landscape changes may lead to future extinctions (extinction debt) as species decline over time in degraded habitats

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9
Q
  • Linear Features (Roads):
A

Roads serve as movement corridors, barriers, and sources of mortality; they can spread invasive species as a “source” function

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10
Q
  • Boundary Shape and Filter Function
A

Irregular boundaries allow for more edge interactions, affecting species movement and resource availability

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11
Q
  • Edge Effects:
A

o Detrimental: Increased predation risk for forest-interior species.
o Positive: More sunlight benefits edge-dwelling species

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12
Q
  • Riparian Zones and biodiversity
A

Riparian zones are rich due to water availability, diverse microhabitats, and connectivity across landscapes.

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13
Q
  • Landscape Context of a Patch
A

The surrounding matrix (e.g., urban vs. natural land) influences the biota within the patch by affecting species movement and resources

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14
Q
  • Emergent Properties in Land Mosaics
A

: Properties like biodiversity emerge from the overall patch structure, not from individual patches alone

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15
Q
  • Structural vs. Functional Connectivity
A

o Structural: Physical connections between habitats.
o Functional: Actual species movement between habitats.

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16
Q
  • Stepping Stones
A

Small patches that help species move between larger habitat areas, improving connectivity.

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17
Q
  • Corridors:
A

Facilitate species movement; pros include increased biodiversity, cons include possible spread of invasive species

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18
Q
  • Fine-scale Landscape Function (Tongway & Ludwig)
A

Reserve patches capture resources, aiding sustainability in semi-arid landscapes.

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19
Q
  • Deterministic vs. Stochastic Processes
A

o Deterministic: Predictable processes like natural selection.
o Stochastic: Random events like extreme weather

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20
Q
  • Metapopulation Models
A

o Island-Mainland: Small, isolated populations with occasional recolonization.
o Patchy Population: More connected, with movement between patches

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21
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A
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22
Q
A
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23
Q
  • Landscape Structure and Function
A

The structure, such as patch arrangement, affects functions like species movement and resource flow across the landscape

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24
Q
  • Change and Structure
A

Environmental changes like fire can alter the structure by creating or removing habitat patches

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25
* Island Biogeography Theory
Colonization and extinction rates drive species diversity on islands; larger islands and those closer to the mainland support more species.
26
* Historical Perspective in Landscape Ecology
Understanding past changes helps explain current landscape patterns and ecological conditions
27
* Natural vs. Disturbance Patches
Natural patches are stable areas (e.g., wetlands), while disturbance patches are created by events like fire or logging
28
* Incidence Function for Interior Species
Interior species are more likely to be found in larger patches due to lower edge effects and increased habitat stability
29
* Species-Area Relationship
The relationship typically follows a logarithmic curve, explained by habitat diversity, target size for colonization, and extinction reduction
30
* Time-lag Effect and Extinction Debt
Landscape changes may lead to future extinctions (extinction debt) as species decline over time in degraded habitats
31
* Linear Features (Roads):
Roads serve as movement corridors, barriers, and sources of mortality; they can spread invasive species as a "source" function
32
* Boundary Shape and Filter Function
Irregular boundaries allow for more edge interactions, affecting species movement and resource availability
33
* Edge Effects
o Detrimental: Increased predation risk for forest-interior species. o Positive: More sunlight benefits edge-dwelling species
34
* Riparian Zones and Biodiversity
Riparian zones are rich due to water availability, diverse microhabitats, and connectivity across landscapes
35
* Landscape Context of a Patch
The surrounding matrix (e.g., urban vs. natural land) influences the biota within the patch by affecting species movement and resources.
36
* Emergent Properties in Land Mosaics
Properties like biodiversity emerge from the overall patch structure, not from individual patches alone
37
* Structural vs. Functional Connectivity
o Structural: Physical connections between habitats. o Functional: Actual species movement between habitats
38
* Stepping Stones
Small patches that help species move between larger habitat areas, improving connectivity
39
* Corridors
Facilitate species movement; pros include increased biodiversity, cons include possible spread of invasive species
40
* Fine-scale Landscape Function (Tongway & Ludwig):
Reserve patches capture resources, aiding sustainability in semi-arid landscapes.
41
* Deterministic vs. Stochastic Processes
o Deterministic: Predictable processes like natural selection. o Stochastic: Random events like extreme weather
42
* Metapopulation Models
o Island-Mainland: Small, isolated populations with occasional recolonization. o Patchy Population: More connected, with movement between patches
43
* Historical Landscape Changes in Victoria
Extensive land clearing and agriculture have transformed natural landscapes, impacting biodiversity
44
* Extinction Debt in Urban Areas
Habitat fragmentation leads to delayed extinctions, with species declining over time after habitat loss
45
* Vellend's Findings on Plant Diversity
Local diversity may remain stable, but changes in species composition or functional diversity may still occur.
46
* Long-term Ecological Monitoring:
Consistency in methods and long time frames are essential for tracking ecological changes
47
* Biotic Homogenization
The spread of invasive species or loss of unique species results in ecosystems becoming more similar
48
* Climate Change Adaptation in Conservation
Refugia are areas that offer shelter from climate change impacts, and biolinks connect habitats.
49
* Landscape Regeneration Options
Methods include replanting native vegetation and removing invasive species to restore natural habitats
50
* Pyrodiversity and Biodiversity
Varied fire patterns create habitat diversity, supporting a wider range of species
51
* Fire Regimes and Conservation
Controlled burning can support species that rely on specific fire frequencies or intensities
52
* Climate Refuges
Areas that protect species from climate change effects; often found in sheltered or diverse habitats
53
* Restoration of Box-Ironbark Forests
Replanting and managing invasive species can improve landscapes impacted by mining
54
* RAD in Landscape Management
The RAD approach (Resist, Accept, Direct) is used to manage landscapes under climate change, e.g., directing change in alpine areas.
55
* Fire and Species Conservation
Fire is necessary in some landscapes to maintain habitat diversity but should be carefully managed
56
* Species-Area Relationship for Reptiles
Typical species-area curves show a positive relationship, with isolated islands likely having fewer species than continuous habitats.
57
* Importance of Patch Size
Larger patches support more biodiversity due to greater habitat variety, reduced edge effects, and larger populations
58
* Structural vs. Functional Connectivity in Practice
Structural refers to physical habitat links; functional is actual species movement (e.g., kangaroo crossings over highways).
59
* Monitoring Highway Overpasses for Connectivity
Measure animal crossings, population changes, and genetic diversity to assess overpass effectiveness
60
* Patch Boundaries and Flows
Factors like vegetation density influence movement across boundaries. Positive edge effect: increased sunlight; negative: increased predation.

landscape ecology (1 decks)

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