EXAM Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
serve as an element or component that individuals use as a standard towards the achievement of a desired behavior in making judgement about the quality of life or things.
A
Reference groups
2
Q
Focused on policies that help the poor by supporting their businesses and access to resources
A
Pro-Poor Fiscal Policy
3
Q
What does UDHR stand for?
A
Universal Declaration of human rights
4
Q
is a social group to which a person identifies with. He or she may feel loyalty and respect toward the other members of this group. This may include brotherhood or fraternity.
A
In-group
5
Q
is about the expected behaviors based on one’s position in society
A
Social role
6
Q
A _________ may consist of two or more individuals who do things together with a common goal and interest.
A
social group
7
Q
Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, are commonly called?
A
sexism
8
Q
Different policies are needed to address each case of poverty since it has different dynamics in every community
A
Differentiated Poverty Reduction Policies
9
Q
• are influential in a wide range of online platforms used for building social relationships with other people including sharing of political opinions, likes and dislikes, and can even show trending societal issues or personalities
A
Social Networks
10
Q
are formed as an assemblage of people who often interact with each other on the basis of a common outlook
concerning behavior and a sense of common identity.
A
Groups
11
Q
• provides a standard of measurement
• has a strong impact on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve as guide to a member’s behavior and social norms
A
Reference Group
12
Q
Improving farm to market roads as well as decentralization of public services in order to share prosperity among regions and far flung areas
A
Addressing Regional Inequality
13
Q
is about economic standing
A
Social class
14
Q
are the unintended outcomes
A
Latent functions
15
Q
What are the functions of education towards society?
A
- Social change and control
- Reconstruction of experiences
- Development of social and moral value
- Providing opportunity or equality
16
Q
is particular form of social inequality.
A
Social stratification
17
Q
What are the functions of education towards the individual?
A
- Development of inborn potentials
- Modifying behavior
- All-around development
- Preparing for the future
- Developing personality
- Helping for adjustability
18
Q
views society as composed of different groups and interest competing for power and resources.
A
Conflict perspective
19
Q
• relate to others only in specific roles and for practical reasons
• helps in fulfilling various types of human needs
• helps various special interests in such fields as sports, dance, music, and others
A
Secondary Group
20
Q
is a hereditary endogamous social group in which a person‘s rank and its accompanying rights and obligations are ascribed on the basis of his birth into a particular group.
A
Caste
21
Q
gave much emphasis to birth as well as to wealth and possessions
A
ESTATE
22
Q
often arises from prejudice and can lead to unequal opportunities and outcomes. It’s the external expression of prejudice through unfair treatment, policies, or practices.
A
Discrimination
23
Q
What is the methodology of teaching called?
A
Pedagogy
24
Q
is an ideological attitude that involves judging other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own culture, often with a sense of cultural superiority. It can lead to prejudice and misunderstanding of other cultures.
A
Ethnocentrism
25
Media movements and advocacies identifying and promoting participation of discriminated groups to various social activities in order to boost their confidence Reduce discrimination through awareness and support for marginalized groups.
Promotive Action
26
is the movement of social position that started with the parents and was felt by the children. It looks at how a person’s social class or economic status compares to that of their parents or grandparents.
Intergenerational mobility
27
Bases of Social Stratification
1. Power or authority
2. Property or wealth
3. Prestige or Social Evaluation
28
It sees society as a competition for limited
resources.
Marxism
29
reflects the gap between the rich and the poor, where certain people or communities have access to more financial resources, higher-paying jobs, and better opportunities, while others struggle to meet basic needs.
Economic inequality
30
• may form within our secondary group such as our workmates, group mates, or assembly which functions as a group of people who can connect with each other because of their sense of identity and belongingness
In-group
31
is structed and hierarchical ranking of
individuals based on their family,
occupation, income, wealth and (social
political) power.
Social Stratification
32
Social stratification takes different forms depending on the culture and society. It may be based on class, caste, race, ethnicity, or even gender in some societies. The criteria for ranking people differ.
It is in diverse forms
33
All societies, regardless of time or location, have some form of social stratification. While the criteria and forms may vary, the existence of a ranking system is common to all human
societies.
It is universal
34
believed that society was composed of individuals in various social classes competing for resources such as food, clothing, shelter, and employment.
Karl Marx
35
promotes peace and security
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
36
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) enumerated the following points to highlight the importance of education as a human right.
1. Everyone has the right to education
2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom
3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their Children
37
refers to the behavior expected of a person who occupies a particular status
Social role
38
Believed that society was composed of interdependent and interconnected parts that were put together to keep instability
Emile Durkheim
39
Focused on helping to reduce income, education, and health-related inequality Ensure programs help the people who need them most
Better Targeting of Social Programs
40
Characteristics of Social Stratification by?
Melvin M. Tumin
41
is about prestige and rank in society
Social Status
42
occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
Social inequality
43
refers to economic differences between countries. The economies of the world have developed unevenly historically, such that entire geographical regions were left mired in poverty and disease while others began to reduce poverty and disease on a wholesale basis.
Global Inequality and International Inequality
44
is an attitude or belief, usually negative, toward a person or group based on preconceived ideas or biases, often without personal experience.
Prejudice
45
3 Functions of Education
Individual
Society
Nation
46
states that the purpose of any continual human
action as played in social life as a whole contributed to
social instability.
Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
47
are institutions which are not owned and controlled by the government. Some of these are either for profit or non-profit and some are for personal investments and financial assistance.
Non-state institutions
48
Social stratification has significant effects on people’s lives, influencing their access to resources, opportunities, and life outcomes. Those at the top enjoy more privileges, while those at the bottom face restrictions.
it is consequential
49
is the ability to secure one‘s ends in life, even against opposition
the degree to which one directs, manages, or dominates others
Power or authority
50
There is a need to identify other inequalities such as health, political and others
Measuring Other Inequalities
51
Strategies to Reduce inequality by Bonilla
1. Pro-Poor Fiscal Policy
2. Better Targeting of Social Programs
3. Participatory Decision-Making
4. Revision of Inequality-Fostering Legislation
5. Promotive Action
6. Addressing Regional Inequality
7. Differentiated Poverty Reduction Policies
8. Measuring Other Inequalities
9. Program Monitoring and Evaluation
52
occurs when an individual changes their position within the same social level. There is no change in social class or rank; it is a movement from one position to another of similar status.
horizontal social mobility
53
Types of Education
Formal
Non-formal
Informal
54
refers to the level or category where persons have more or less the same socio-economic privileges in society
Social Class
55
implies social judgment that a status or position is more prestigious and honorable than others; it also includes the fame one attains upon reaching a certain degree of prestige
Prestige or Social Evaluation
56
noted that social processes had functions.
Robert Merton
57
• functions as a competitor or rival group that an indivic is opposed to
Out-Group
58
What are the functions of education towards the nation?
1. Inculcating civic and social responsibility
2. Training for leadership
3. National integration
4. Total national development
59
Social stratification is a product of society rather than natural differences among individuals. The way people are ranked or grouped is based on social structures and institutions rather than innate qualities like intelligence or strength.
It is social
60
• relatively bigger in size
• commonly found in schools and at the workplace
• members are spread over a vast area
• lacking in intimacy
• indirect; impersonal
• ex: political parties, group associations
Secondary Group
61
are created because of the need to
establish connection for some reasons like personal, economic, religious, or political interests. These are
groups that include individuals who come into casual connection but who do not have enough sense of belongingness. Examples of these are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and other social networking sites.
Arayat Holy Child Educational Foundation, Inc.
Social Networks
62
added that aside from economic inequalities, there were also
inequalities of social structure and political power that caused struggle.
Max Weber
63
have the lowest status in the society
Lower class
64
refers to the position of an individual or group within a social structure
Social Status
65
aims to eradicate
poverty and reduce inequalities and social exclusion
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) -
66
Change laws that create unfair disadvantages for some groups (laws that neglect domestic labor as productive and essential or social security schemes that have no general access)
Revision of Inequality-Fostering Legislation
67
is a social group to which a person does not identify with. He or she may feel dislike or hatred toward a member of this group. This may include opponents and rivals of their group.
Out-group
68
is the unequal distribution of wealth,
income, and economic opportunities
among individuals or groups within a
society.
Economic inequality
69
is an internal feeling and may or may not lead to discriminatory actions.
Prejudice
70
Characteristics of Social Stratification by Melvin M. Tumin
1. It is Social
2. It is ancient
3. It is universal
4. It is in diverse forms
5. it is consequential
71
- provides humanitarian and
developmental assistance and support to young people
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
72
Social Mobility may be hindered by the following factors:
1. Educational Attainment
2. Childhood poverty with associated psychological and behavioral development
3. The family and all the financial and social, and cultural aspects that are formed within it
4. Attitudes, expectations and aspirations
5. Economic barriers
73
can be positive or negative and are mental shortcuts that people use, but they often lead to misjudgments about individuals within a group.
Stereotypes
74
This is an ideological attitude that favors foreign cultures over one's own, often seeing other cultures as superior. It’s the opposite of ethnocentrism and can lead to a preference for foreign products, values, or practices over local ones.
Xenocentrism
75
society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole.
Functionalist perspective
76
perspective suggests that our identity or sense of self is shaped by social interaction.
Symbolic Interactionist
77
fuels social inequality by creating negative attitudes toward certain groups, which can justify or reinforce discriminatory practices and social exclusion.
Prejudice
78
claimed that just like the different
organs of the body, the various
parts of society worked together
to keep society functioning.
Hebert Spencer
79
is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations, but some avoid formal funding altogether and run funded and are run primarily by volunteers.
Non-governmental Organizations
80
is the movement in the social position that happens within a person‘s lifetime. It looks at how an individual's social class or economic status changes as they grow older or progress in their career.
Intragenerational mobility
81
involves a change in social status or class, either upward or downward. This type of mobility can lead to a person moving to a higher (upward mobility) or lower (downward mobility) social class.
vertical social mobility
82
Determining the impact and progress of a program has a lot of contribution to the improvement of the society’s system
Program Monitoring and Evaluation
83
had his master to whom he was subjected
the master‘s power over the slave was unlimited
SLAVERY
84
• smaller in size
• also includes childhood friends and long-lasting intimate relationships
• interaction is direct
• the common bonds are close and intimate
• ex: family, friends, etc.
Primary group
85
Leads to social inequality and often economic inequality as certain groups may be denied fair treatment in areas like employment, education, and housing.
Discrimination
86
may happen when social processes have undesirable outcomes for the society
Dysfunction
87
is a person‘s position depends to a very great extent upon achievement and his ability to use to advantage the inborn characteristics and wealth that he may possess
CLASS
88
is a cognitive process where people hold oversimplified, generalized beliefs about a group (e.g., “All young people are lazy”).
Stereotyping
89
It is the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often established based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual's place of origin or culture.
Racial or Ethnic Inequality
90
refers to the elite families, who are
the most productive and successful
Upper class
91
It believes that society is a constitution with interconnected parts organized to attain the biological and sociological needs of individuals in the society.
Structural-Functionalism
92
All societies arrange their members in terms of
superiority, inferiority and equality.
93
are the outcomes of a social process that are expected.
manifest functions
94
is the arrangement of any social group or society into hierarchy positions that are unequal with regard to power property social evaluation, and/or psychic gratification.
Social Stratification
95
• vital in socialization process
• forms the social nature and ideas of individual (culture, personality, social norms, beliefs, morals and values)
Primary Group
96
Focused on the voices of the poor and other sectors (farmers, artists etc.) for policy-making Include poor people in making decisions about policies that affect them
Participatory Decision-Making
97
Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, commonly called sexism, are major contributing factors to social inequality.
Gender inequality
98
noted that various groups were treated differently based on race, gender, and educational attainment.
Max weber
99
Social stratification has existed since ancient times and has been part of every civilization. It is not a recent phenomenon, and historical societies, like those in ancient Egypt or India, also practiced forms of social stratification.
It is ancient
100
refers to the rights over goods and services how much of the resources of society are owned by certain individuals and how much do they gain or earn every time
Property or wealth
101
is a behavioral action, typically involving unfair or negative treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group, such as race, gender, or religion.
Discrimination
102
refers to their incomes provide a
comfortable lifestyle
Middle class
