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KINE 3650 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the pathologic alterations seen in alzheimers?

A

layer II of entorhinal cortex

(pyramidal cell islands)

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2
Q

What are the three groups the amygdala is divided into?

A

basolateral, corticomedial, central

(baso = ventral, cortico = dorso)

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3
Q

What fibers terminate in the corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala?

A

olfactory fibers, also fibers from brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is the function of the basolateral nucleus fo the amygddala?

A

behaviour associated w/eating/drinking, reflex activity, behaviour in stressful situations

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5
Q

What is the function of the corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala?

A

behaviour w/hunger and eating

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6
Q

What si the function of the central nucleus of the amygdala?

A

respiratory and cardiovasuclar response

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7
Q

What causes damage to explicit memory?

A

lesion that damages hippocampal formation

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8
Q

Where in brain is implicit memory associated with?

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum

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9
Q

What is the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus?

A

consists of nerve bodies and granule cell dendrites

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10
Q

What layer is the output layer of the dentate gyrus?

A

granule cell layer (goes to hippocampus)

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11
Q

What is the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus?

A

consists of interneurons

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12
Q

What gives rise to the most prominent input to dentate gyrus?

A

entorhinal cortex (goes from dentate to hippocampus)

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13
Q

What is function of entorhinal cortex?

A

main connection to hippocampus (input), role in memory and spatial navigation

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14
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

looking back to memories that we experienced

remembering graduation, als imagining future trip

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15
Q

What is the fimbria of hippocampus a continuation of?

A

the alveusW

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16
Q

What is the main output pathway of hippocampal formation?

A

the fornix

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17
Q

What does the fornix relay information to?

A

hypothalamus and septal nuclei

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18
Q

What are the two crura of the fornix connected by?

A

commisural fibers

(hippocampal commisure)

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19
Q

What is included in the hippocampal foramtion?

A

hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, subiculum

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20
Q

What is the hippocampal formation invovled in?

A

consolidation of short term memory, learning, regulation of aggressive behaviour

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21
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

regualtes emotional expression via modualting the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What is allodynia?

A

pain caused by stimulus that normally doesn’t cause pain

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23
Q

What thalamic nucleus is involved w/sensory processing of face?

A

ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamus

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24
Q

What structure in limbic system regulates autonomic and endocrine functionss?

A

hypothalamus

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25
What mediates the visceral responses that accompany emotions?
hypothalamus (sent info by limbic system to do this)
26
What is another name for Korsakoff's syndrome?
amnestic confabulatory syndrome
27
What is the cause of Korsakoff's syndrome?
thiamin (B1) nutritional deficiency usually from alcoholism
28
What are the symptoms of korsakoffs?
have anterograde and retrograde amnesia changes seen in medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus, fornix, mamillary bodies
29
What make up the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampal formation
30
Where are mammillary bodies located?
posteroinferior aspect of hypothalmus
31
What are mammillary bodies involved with?
help w/spatial and episodic memory, help w/goal directed behaviours, emotion, process/remember smells
32
What is the role of the subiculum in the hippocampal formation?
Relay information from the hippocampus to other brain areas
33
What is the function of the intralaminar nuclei?
Arousal and attention
34
The stria terminalis is a major output pathway of which structure
amygdala
35
What thalamic nuclei are associated with motor function?
Ventral anterior thalamus (VA) and ventral lateral thalamus (VLa/VLp)
36
What condition is also known as thalamic pain syndrome?
Déjérine-Roussy syndrome
37
What does the molecular layer of the hippocampus merge with?
molecular layer of dentate gyrus and neocortex
38
What is the pyramidal layer of hippocampus?
most prominent, contains pyramidal cells, merges w/internal pyramidal layer of neocortex
39
What is the outermost layer of the hippocampus? What does it consist of?
polymorphic layer interneurons
40
Who is solomon shereshevsky?
could remember almost anything instantly, had level of control over autonomic functions
41
What connects the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus?
perforant pathway
42
What does septal nuclei send fibers to?
send fibers via stria medullaris thalami to the habenular nucleus
43
Almost all the output of hippocampus is through the ?
subiculum
44
What caused solomon shereshevsky to be so special?
he had synaesthesia (fivefold)
45
What three nuclei make up the anterior nuclear group?
anteroventral (AV), anteromedial (AM), anterodorsal (AD)
46
What is the function of anterior nuclear group?
relay nucleus of the Papez circuit of emotion expression of emotions, paly role in learning and memory
47
What is included in the medial nuclear group?
dorsomedial nucleus and midline nuclei
48
What is function of dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus?
processing info related to emotion
49
What is the function of the midline nuclei of thalamus?
modulation of cortical excitability
50
WHat does damage to the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus cause?
reduction in anxiety, aggression, and obsessive thinking
51
What is included in the dorsal tier and lateral nuclear group of thalamus?
lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, and pulvinar
52
What dorsal tier nucleus is similar to anterior thalamus?
lateral dorsal thalamus
53
What does the lateral posterior and pulvinar thalami do?
integrate sensory info across modalities
54
What is included in the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group?
ventral anterior, ventral lateral, ventral posterior
55
What parts of the ventral tier are involved w/motor relay?
ventral anterior and ventral lateral
56
What part of ventral tier are involved w/sensory relay?
ventral posterior
57
What causes Dejerine-Roussy syndrome?
lesion to thalamus aka thalamic pain syndrome
58
What are the symptoms of Dejerine-Roussy syndrome?
causes allodynia, hyperpathia (intense response to pain), dysesthesia (abnormal sensation by touch) felt in parts of body where sensation was lost
59
Damage to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus would cause?
affect the somatosensory input from the body
60
What thalamic nuclei relays auditory information to auditory cortex?
medial geniculate nucleus
61
What nucleus of the thalamus is involved with the limbic system?
anterior nucleus
62
What is anencephaly?
birth defect when major portion of brain/skull/scalp is missing (neural tube defect)
63
Are pyramidal cells excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
64
What is the function of the cells of Martinotti?
inhibit pyramidal cells
65
What cells guide neural growths during development?
horizontal cells of Cajal
66
What is layer I of the cortex called?
molecular (plexiform) layer
67
What are some characteristics of layer I of the cortex?
mostly connective fibers, very few bodies, dendrites from cells, thalamocortical connections
68
What is the name for layer II of the cortex?
external granular layer
69
What are some characteristics of layer II of the cortex?
mostly granule cells, few small pyramidal ccells w/upward branching dendrites,
70
What is the name for layer III of the cortex?
external pyramidal layer
71
What are some characteristics of layer III of the cortex?
medium sized pyramidal cells, apical dendrites branch upward,
72
What is the name for layer IV of the cortex?
internal granular layer
73
What are some characteristics of layer IV of the cortex?
main input layer, mostly stellate cells, axons remain in cortex, fibers form horizontal bands (outer band)
74
What is the name for layer V of the cortex?
internal pyramidal layer
75
What are some characteristics of layer V of the cortex?
main output layer of cortex, fibers form horizontal bands (inner),
76
What is the name for layer VI of the cortex?
multiform (fusiform) layer
77
What are some characteristics of layer VI of the cortex?
mostly fusiform cells, many corticothalamic connections
78
What is the internal medullary lamina?
white matter structure in the thalamus that separates the thalamic nuclei into medial, lateral, and anterior groups
79
What does tthe internal medullary lammina contain?
the afferent and efferent thalamic fibers that enter/exit thalamic subnuclei
80
What is the interthalamic adhesion?
band of tissue that connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial surfaces
81
What is the parafascicular nucleus?
site of termination of fibers coming from supplementary motor area
82
What is the centromedian nucleus?
site of termination of fibers from globus pallidus, premotor, and primary motor
83
What might the lateral dorsal nucleus be involved in?
expression of emotion
84
What is referred to as the paleothalamus?
medial, anterior
85
What is referred to as the neothalamus?
lateral
86
How many layers are found in the archicortex?
3
87
How many layers are found in the neocortex?
6
88
How many layers are found in mesocortex?
3-6
89
How many layers found in paleocortex?
3-5
90
What direction do apical dendrites extend
upward
91
WHat direction do basal dendrites extend?
laterally
92
What is included in the allocortex?
archicortex and paleocortex hippocampus, olfactory cortex, parahippocampal gyrus
93
What is included in the mesocortex?
cingualte gyrus, insula
94
Where is the cingulum clocated?
cingulate gyrus
95
What does the cingulum do?
forms connection between anterior perforated substance and parahippocampal gyrus
96
What is the pathway in brain for repeating a word that you heard?
auditory areas -> wernickes area -> brocas area -> motor cortex
97
What is fluent paraphasic speech?
wernicke's aphasia basically word salad
98
The corona radiata converge to form?
the internal capsule
99
Is motor cortex granular or agranular cortex?
agranular
100
Is the primary sensory cortex granular or agranualr?
granular
101
What does the Superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?
frontal, parielta, temporal, and occipital lobrs
102
What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?
temporal to frontal

KINE 3650 (3 decks)

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