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CC1- Prefinal > Exam > Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is the major excretory product of protein metabolism in humans?
A. Creatinine
B. Uric acid
C. Urea
D. Ammonia

A

C

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2
Q

What is the preferred specimen for ammonia determination?
A. Serum
B. EDTA plasma
C. Whole blood
D. Citrated plasma

A

B

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3
Q

Which method for urea determination is considered the reference method?
A. Diacetyl monoxime method
B. Nesslerization reaction
C. Enzymatic method
D. Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry

A

D

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4
Q

A 5-year-old child is brought in with high ammonia levels, confusion, and fatty infiltration of the liver. What condition is most likely?
A. Gilbert syndrome
B. Reye’s syndrome
C. Crigler-Najjar syndrome
D. Hepatitis A

A

B

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5
Q

Which of the following conditions is associated with increased uric acid due to an enzymatic deficiency and presents with orange sand in diapers?
A. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
B. Fanconi’s Syndrome
C. Chronic alcoholism
D. Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

A

A

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6
Q

Which bilirubin fraction is water-insoluble and not found in urine?
A. Conjugated bilirubin
B. Delta bilirubin
C. Unconjugated bilirubin
D. Direct bilirubin

A

C

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7
Q

Which liver enzyme is most specific for chronic alcoholism?
A. AST
B. ALT
C. ALP
D. GGT

A

D

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8
Q

Defect in bile excretion with dark-stained liver biopsy

A

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

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9
Q

Principal pigment of bile metabolism, conjugated in the liver

A

Urea

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10
Q

X-linked disorder with orange sand urine

A

Uric acid (Lesch-Nyhan)

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11
Q

Product of muscle metabolism, filtered by glomerulus

A

Creatinine

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12
Q

Deficiency in bilirubin transport, mild increase in unconjugated bilirubin

A

Gilbert Syndrome

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13
Q

Which of the following is used as a color enhancer in the Diacetyl Monoxime method for urea determination?
A. Sodium nitroprusside
B. Arsenic thiosemicarbazide
C. Phenol
D. Caffeine-benzoate

A

B

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14
Q

Which test best evaluates glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A. Blood urea nitrogen
B. Uric acid
C. Serum creatinine
D. Ammonia

A

C

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15
Q

What is the reagent used in the Jaffe reaction for creatinine?
A. Sodium carbonate
B. Alkaline picrate
C. Nessler’s reagent
D. Bromphenol blue

A

A

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16
Q

Which liver enzyme is useful to distinguish hepatobiliary from bone disease?
A. AST
B. ALT
C. 5’-nucleotidase
D. ALP

A

C

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17
Q

Which viral hepatitis requires the presence of another hepatitis virus for infection?
A. Hepatitis A
B. Hepatitis B
C. Hepatitis C
D. Hepatitis D

A

D

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18
Q

Uric acid is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism

A

False
(It is the end product of purine metabolism.)

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19
Q

In pre-hepatic jaundice, bilirubin is water-soluble and found in urine.
Answer: False

A

False: Unconjugated bilirubin is water-insoluble and not excreted in urine.

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20
Q

The enzyme UDPGT is responsible for conjugating bilirubin in the liver

A

True

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21
Q

AST is more specific than ALT in detecting hepatocellular damage

A

False
(ALT is more specific than AST for hepatocellular damage.)

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22
Q

High BUN and normal creatinine levels suggest a pre-renal cause of azotemia

A

True

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23
Q

In the Berthelot reaction, the blue product is formed from phenol and ammonia.

A

true

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24
Q

In hepatic jaundice, both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin may be elevated.

A

true

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25
What substance is increased in blood but not in urine during pre-hepatic jaundice? A. Conjugated bilirubin B. Unconjugated bilirubin C. Urobilinogen D. Stercobilinogen
B
26
What is the clinical significance of delta bilirubin? A. It causes hemolysis B. It appears during early liver disease C. It is conjugated bilirubin bound to albumin D. It indicates renal disease
C
27
Which of the following tests is best to monitor gout treatment? A. BUN B. Uric acid C. Creatinine D. ALT
B
28
What enzyme aids in metabolizing alcohol in the liver? A. Uricase B. Alcohol dehydrogenase C. Glutamate dehydrogenase D. Alanine aminotransferase
B
29
Which condition results in the absence of bilirubin conjugation due to UDPGT deficiency? A. Gilbert syndrome B. Rotor syndrome C. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type 1 D. Dubin-Johnson syndrome
C
30
Creatinine is reabsorbed significantly by the renal tubules.
False (It is minimally reabsorbed; mostly filtered and excreted.)
31
AST and ALT are elevated in both hepatocellular and hemolytic diseases
False (They are markers for hepatocellular damage, not hemolysis.)
32
Reye’s syndrome primarily affects adults with chronic liver disease.
False (It primarily affects children.)
33
The Van den Bergh reaction is used to determine bilirubin levels.
true
34
Urobilinogen in stool gives it its normal brown color.
False (Stercobilin, the oxidized form of urobilinogen, gives stool its brown color.)
35
Enzyme used in the coupled reaction that forms glutamate from ammonia and NADH:
Glutamate dehydrogenase
36
Condition caused by overproduction of uric acid due to HGPRT deficiency:
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
37
Liver condition characterized by yellow skin and sclera due to bilirubin accumulation
Jaundice
38
nzyme marker most useful in detecting hepatobiliary obstruction (and not from bone):
5-nucleotidase
39
Method for measuring creatinine using alkaline picrate solution:
Jaffe Method
40
A 9-year-old boy is brought to the ER with confusion, vomiting, and lethargy. His labs show elevated ammonia, ALT, and AST, and mild hyperbilirubinemia. He recently had the flu and was given aspirin. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Viral hepatitis B. Gilbert syndrome C. Reye’s syndrome D. Cirrhosis
C
41
A patient presents with clay-colored stool, dark urine, and yellowish eyes. Labs show elevated conjugated bilirubin. Imaging reveals a bile duct obstruction. What type of jaundice is most likely? A. Pre-hepatic B. Hepatic C. Post-hepatic D. Hemolytic
C
42
A 50-year-old male with a high-protein diet has increased BUN but normal creatinine. He is mildly dehydrated. What is the most likely cause of his elevated BUN? A. Renal failure B. Liver failure C. Post-renal obstruction D. Pre-renal azotemia
D
43
A patient with known gout is being treated with allopurinol. You want to monitor his uric acid levels. Which method is commonly used for this purpose? A. Diacetyl monoxime B. Uricase method C. Nesslerization D. Jaffe method
B
44
A neonate develops jaundice within 48 hours of birth. Labs show increased unconjugated bilirubin. The liver enzymes are normal. Which condition is most likely? A. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome B. Hepatitis B infection C. Biliary atresia D. Post-hepatic jaundice
A
45
Which bilirubin fraction can be measured without an accelerator? A. B1 B. B2 C. Delta bilirubin D. Total bilirubin
B
46
What liver enzyme is elevated in both acute and chronic alcohol use? A. AST B. ALP C. ALT D. GGT
D
47
Which of the following conditions leads to decreased uric acid levels? A. Gout B. Leukemia C. Fanconi’s syndrome D. Chronic alcoholism
C
48
Delta bilirubin is included in conjugated bilirubin values.
true
49
Reye’s syndrome is treated with antibiotics.
false
50
Creatinine is not affected by muscle mass or diet
false
51
The Caraway method for uric acid uses sodium carbonate and phosphotungstic acid.
true
52
Jendrassik-Grof method is less affected by hemolysis than Evelyn-Malloy.
true
53
Which layer of the heart is most susceptible to ischemia? A. Epicardium B. Myocardium C. Endocardium
C
54
What is the correct order of blood flow through the heart? A. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium B. Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery C. Pulmonary vein → Right atrium → Left ventricle
B
55
Which of the following is a symptom of a heart attack? A. Sudden weakness B. Feeling light-headed C. Severe headache with no known cause
B
56
Which enzyme cardiac marker rises earliest after chest pain onset A. AST B. LDH C. CK-MB
C. CK-MB (4-8hrs)
57
Which troponin is most commonly used to assess myocardial infarction? A. Troponin C B. Troponin I and T C. Myoglobin
B
58
Atherosclerosis is the narrowing or hardening of arteries due to plaque.
true
59
Congenital heart disease is acquired later in life.
Answer: False (it exists at birth)
60
Troponin I remains elevated for 1-2 days after a heart attack.
False (it remains elevated for 7–14 days)
61
Homocysteine plays a role in the development of cardiovascular disease
true
62
Myoglobin has a long half-life, making it ideal for late diagnosis of MI.
False (half-life is only 9 minutes)
63
List three signs of a stroke.
Sudden weakness, numbness, fainting/unconsciousness.
64
Name three cardiovascular diseases
Coronary Heart Disease, Cerebrovascular Disease, Peripheral Artery Disease.
65
Describe the process of plaque formation in atherosclerosis.
LDL becomes oxidized and deposits in the tunica media. Oxidized LDL activates endothelial cells, expressing receptors for WBCs. Monocytes become macrophages and form foam cells, promoting plaque build-up and thrombus formation.
66
Which enzyme remains elevated the longest after a heart attack?
LDH (up to 10 days)
67
What is the best enzyme cardiac marker for early diagnosis?
CK-MB
68
Which of the following cardiac enzymes peaks the earliest? A. Troponin I B. CK-MB C. LDH
B. CK-MB (12-24hrs)
69
Which cardiac marker has the shortest half-life? A. Myoglobin B. AST C. LDH
Myoglobin (half-life of 9 minutes)
70
Which peptide is secreted in response to increased pressure and volume load in the heart? A. Troponin I B. Basic Natriuretic Peptide C. Ischemia-Modified Albumin
B
71
Which of the following is most specific to myocardial tissue? A. LD1 B. LD5 C. Myoglobin
A
72
What is the role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis? A. Repairs the endothelium B. Promotes monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation C. Causes immediate heart attack
B
73
Which of the following is a major cause of death globally? A. Diabetes B. Cardiovascular disease C. Liver failure
B
74
Which enzyme is found elevated for the longest time post-myocardial infarction? A. CK-MB B. LDH C. AST
Answer: B. LDH (remains elevated up to 10 days
75
What is the main function of the heart in terms of cardiac function? A. Filtering blood B. Oxygenating blood C. Meeting metabolic demands by pumping bloodC
76
Which protein complex regulates calcium-dependent interactions of myosin and actin? A. Myosin B. Creatine kinase C. Troponin complex
C
77
Which cardiac marker rises within 3-12 hours and peaks at 12-24 hours post-MI? A. Troponin I B. Myoglobin C. Troponin T
C
78
Which type of cardiovascular disease affects the brain’s blood vessels? A. Coronary artery disease B. Peripheral artery disease C. Cerebrovascular disease
C
79
Which of the following conditions is characterized by intermittent claudication? A. Rheumatic heart disease B. Peripheral artery disease C. Aortic dissection
B
80
Which of the following binds to calcium in the troponin complex? A. Troponin T B. Troponin C C. Troponin I
B

CC1- Prefinal (1 decks)

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