exam

Question 1

institutes of the christian religion

Answer 1

book by calvin. the sovereignty of God, the total depravity of humanity, and the concept of predestination.

Question 2

Michael Servetus

Answer 2

humanist and theologian. both catholics and protestants critisized him and called him a heritic. he was a physician.

Question 3

Theodore Beza

Answer 3

he reiterated Calvin’s views, though with greater stress on ecclesiastical discipline and rigid obedience to authority

Question 4

Schmalkaldic War

Answer 4

charles v vs lutherans schmaladik league. ended in Schmalkaldic League dissolved. lutheranism so far spread at this point, it could not be contained

Question 5

peace of aubsburg 1555

Answer 5

encouraged religious toleration by granting a significant degree of religious autonomy to the German princes, knights, and free cities.

Question 6

st bartholomews day massacre.

Answer 6

a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. caused by The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre.

Question 7

edict of nantes

Answer 7

The Edict of Nantes, which was proclaimed by Henry IV, guaranteed freedom of conscience and worship to Huguenots. It was intended to end the religion-based warfare in France

Question 8

anna buschler

Answer 8

anna of the bergermesiters daughter. book was about her letters being discovered and showed the love life of a common girl in 16th century germany.

Question 9

cardinal francisco jimenez de cisneros

Answer 9

founding the University of Alcalá and sponsoring publication of the first (Complutense) Polyglot Bible.

Question 10

index of banned book

Answer 10

books deemed heretical or immoral by the church.

Question 11

archbishop carlo borromeo

Answer 11

responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church, including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests.

Question 12

council of trent

Answer 12

The Council of Trent, a key event of the Counter-Reformation, had a profound impact on the Catholic Church. It reaffirmed core doctrines, addressed internal abuses, and strengthened the Church’s structure and authority. While it failed to heal the schism with Protestants, it led to a revitalized and more unified Catholic Church

Question 13

guise family

Answer 13

french nobles, mainly protestant,

Question 14

spriritual exersizes

Answer 14

Book by Ignatius of Loyola
. about helping participants in religious retreats to discern the will of God in their lives, leading to a personal commitment to follow Jesus whatever the cost.
Spiritual Exercises by catholic priest

Question 15

Thomas Cromwell.

Answer 15

oversaw Church of England. oversaw all the seismic religious reforms that followed, including – most controversially – the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Question 16

thomas cranmer

Answer 16

a theologian, leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He is honoured as a martyr in the Church of England. was executed for heresy by being burnt at the stake and denounced by Queen Mary

Question 17

the affair of the placards

Answer 17

It was a scandal that shook the kingdom of France and was one of the premises for the fateful Wars of Religion (1562-1598). During the night of 17th to 18th October 1534, anti-Catholic pamphlets were posted all over the kingdom, even on King François Ier’s bedchamber door at the Royal Château of Amboise.

Question 18

politiques

Answer 18

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, politiques were Western European statesmen who prioritized the strength of the state above all other organs of society, including religion.

Question 19

act of supremecy

Answer 19

defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome.

Question 20

elizabethan settlement

Answer 20

The Religious Settlement was an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. It was designed to settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs.J did not work

Question 21

Hugeunots

Answer 21

protestant religion in france. massacred in the st bartholomews day massacre.

Question 22

puritans

Answer 22

The Puritans believed God had chosen a few people, “the elect,” for salvation. The rest of humanity was condemned to eternal damnation. large amount of them in great britain and new england

Question 23

recusants

Answer 23

a Roman Catholic in England who refused to attend services of the Church of England.

Question 24

book of martyrs

Answer 24

Foxe’s Book of Martyrs is a work of Protestant history and martyrology by Protestant English historian John Foxe, first published in 1563 by John Day. described the horrible executions of protestants

Question 25

hausvaterliterater

Answer 25

Lutheran books that detail how religous families should behave; such as parenting, discipline.

Question 26

the reformation of manners

Answer 26

Its aims were the suppression of profanity, immorality, and other lewd activities in general, and of brothels and prostitution in particular. protestant

Question 27

frederick v of palatinate

Answer 27

king of bohemia. e became a prominent Calvinist leader and was well-educated.

Question 28

ferdinand of styria

Answer 28

Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia. erdinand wanted to restore the Catholic Church as the only religion in the Holy Roman Empire and to wipe out any form of religious dissent.

Question 29

gustavus adolphus

Answer 29

lutheran. By supporting the German princes against the emperor, Gustavus Adolphus defeated the attempts of the Habsburgs to make their imperial authority a reality

Question 30

count albrecht von wallenstein

Answer 30

a Bohemian [a] military leader and statesman who fought on the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War. He was instrumental in forcing the Peace of Pressburg. very influential for his time

Question 31

church of millitant

Answer 31

Theologians have long taught that the Church, the Mystical Body of Christ, has three states: suffering, militant and triumphant. The Church, the Mystical Body, exists on this earth, and is called the Church militant, because its members struggle against the world, the flesh and the devil.

Question 32

teresa of avila

Answer 32

nun. St. Teresa of Ávila was the first of only four women to have been named doctor of the church.

Question 33

edmund campion

Answer 33

Campion travelled throughout the country in secret, preaching and administering sacraments to the Catholic faithful. Edmund Campion is the proto-martyr (the first martyr) of the British Jesuits and as such is the patron saint of the British province of the Society of Jesus, his feast day being a major celebration for Jesuit organisations across the country. hung, drawn, and quartered

Question 34

Why did it take so long for the Catholic church to respond in a unified way to the Protestant challenge? What ultimately proved to be the most important factors in the Roman church's vigorous response?

Answer 34

Because of their outright refusal to admit there was a problem. It was most important to make a clear statement on the holiness of the Body of Christ, their position on Indulgments, and the fact that there was 7 sacriments; Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance and Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.

Question 35

key points of montaignes self-focus in his essays

Answer 35

his flaws, his views on God, gender, class, religion, cruelty, cannibalism

Question 36

In what ways was the English Reformation like the Lutheran Reformation on the continent?

Answer 36

like: it was sudden dislike: many catholic structures, like cathedrals and statues of saints remained unlike lutheranism. less iconoclasms. continent was more spiritual choice whearas english was political

Question 37

. Protestants rejected both sacramental marriage and clerical celibacy. What were the most important repercussions of this outlook?

Answer 37

Protestants abolished the religious ideal of celibacy and replaced it with an elevated view of marriage. more children of clergy and openly admitting to bastard children. opened gateway for divorce

Question 38

Why and how did Calvinism become the most influential brand of Protestantism in the years after 1540?

Answer 38

because of its missionary work. they had missionaries in nearly every single continent, including asia.

Question 39

ESSAY QUESTION: Both Protestants and Catholics sought to reform their churches and sanctify individuals and communities through appeals to the past. In what manner did they do this, and how did their appeals resemble and differ from one another?

Answer 39

protestants did this by going back to the text, sola scriptura, and doing it very literaly. they also denounced anything that was being done that was not mentioned in scripture. catholics did this by mainly sticking to tradition, but finally admitting corruption, at least, as discussed in 'the catholic response' in the text book. stayed firm in their belief on sacraments, indulgences, specific events: protestant: iconoclasms catholic: council of trent meeting

Question 40

ESSAY QUESTION: Catholic antagonists of Erasmus called him "the egg from which Luther hatched." Erasmus died in 1536, the year Calvin first arrived in Geneva and 9 years before the first meeting of the Council of Trent. What would Erasmus make of both Reformed Protestantism and Tridentine Catholicism?

Answer 40

he would slightly support Tridentine Catholicism; and be glad that there was reform within the protestant church, but still hunt for corruption, as seen in his books; ten colloquies The praise of folly German Humanism and Reformation Free Will and Salvation

Question 41

ESSAY QUESTION: Looking at the Reformations as a whole, assess the origins, implications, and consequences of the doctrine of sola scriptura

Answer 41

It can be misinterpreted and read differently, for example there were so many people who used sola scriptura, but disagreed on what it said in europe alone like Lutheran, Calvin, Zwingli. Historic example, oecolampadius and luther arguing about the presense in the Bread in The Debate at the Colloquy of Marburg

Question 42

ESSAY QUESTION: Why did western Europe not become uniformly Protestant?

Answer 42

Because the English crown went back and forth from being protestant to catholic so often, it just made a lot of the citizens remain catholic. Also, they did not want to be seen as 'german'; because Spain, France, and England had been traiditonally catholic for so long that it was engraved in their identity. also, smaller towns remained 'catholic' Historic example: Cardinal Reginald Pole speech in 1555, elizabethan settlement