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Exam Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

What are the components of an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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2
Q

What is the difference between cations and anions?

A

Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.

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3
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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4
Q

What determines electron configuration?

A

Energy levels of electrons.

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5
Q

How can you identify ions based on protons and electrons?

A

By comparing the number of protons and electrons; if protons exceed electrons, it’s a cation, and if electrons exceed protons, it’s an anion.

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6
Q

What are metalloids?

A

Elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

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7
Q

What are noble gases?

A

A group of elements on the periodic table that are inert and have full valence shells.

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8
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

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9
Q

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?

A

Polar molecules have a net dipole moment due to unequal sharing of electrons, while nonpolar molecules do not.

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10
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A

High melting and boiling points, electrical conductivity when dissolved in water.

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11
Q

What are metallic properties?

A

Malleability, ductility, and conductivity.

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12
Q

How are ions formed in ionic bonds?

A

Metals lose electrons to become cations, while nonmetals gain electrons to become anions.

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13
Q

What are the types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion, and neutralization.

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14
Q

What is the role of oxygen in combustion reactions?

A

Oxygen is a reactant that combines with a fuel to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

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15
Q

What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?

A

Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic reactions release heat.

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16
Q

What are catalysts and inhibitors?

A

Catalysts speed up reactions, while inhibitors slow them down.

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17
Q

What is the difference between elements, compounds, and mixtures?

A

Elements are pure substances, compounds are made of two or more elements chemically combined, and mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their individual properties.

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18
Q

What are solutes and solvents?

A

Solutes are substances dissolved in a solvent, which is the substance that does the dissolving.

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19
Q

How can you increase solubility or dissolve rate?

A

By increasing temperature, stirring, or crushing the solute.

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20
Q

How do you calculate concentration?

A

Using the formula C = mv (g/L).

21
Q

What is percent concentration?

A

Percent concentration is calculated as (volume of solute/ total volume) × 100.

22
Q

What is the pH scale used for?

A

To measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.

23
Q

What are the types of waves?

A

Mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.

24
Q

What are the parts of a wave?

A

Crest, trough, compression, and rarefaction.

25
What are wave properties?
Amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and speed.
26
What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?
Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel, while longitudinal waves oscillate parallel.
27
How do you calculate wave speed?
Using the formula v = f × λ.
28
How are frequency and wavelength related?
They are inversely related; as frequency increases, wavelength decreases.
29
What are the structures of the ear?
Pinna, eardrum, and cochlea.
30
What is the Doppler effect?
The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.
31
What is interference in sound?
The combination of two or more sound waves resulting in constructive or destructive interference.
32
What are beats in sound?
The interference pattern between two sound waves of slightly different frequencies.
33
What are some uses of sound?
Sonar, echolocation, and ultrasound.
34
How does sound travel through different mediums?
Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and gases due to closer particle proximity.
35
What are the properties of light?
Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels without a medium.
36
What are transparent, translucent, and opaque materials?
Transparent materials allow light to pass through, translucent materials allow some light, and opaque materials block light.
37
What are the behaviors of light?
Reflection, absorption, transmission, and refraction.
38
What are the primary colors of light?
Red, green, and blue.
39
What types of images can mirrors produce?
Virtual and real images.
40
What is refraction?
The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
41
Which colors bend more or less in refraction?
Red bends the least, while violet bends the most.
42
What are electrical charges?
Electrical charges can be positive or negative, with like charges repelling and opposite charges attracting.
43
What is the difference between open and closed circuits?
Open circuits have a break in the path, preventing current flow, while closed circuits allow current to flow.
44
What is polarization in electricity?
The separation of charges within an object.
45
What factors affect resistance?
Length and material of the conductor.
46
What are the parts of a circuit?
Conductors, devices, switches, and power source.
47
What is Ohm's Law?
The relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) expressed as V = I × R.
48
What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
In series circuits, current flows through a single path, while in parallel circuits, current can flow through multiple paths.