Exam

Question 1

What are the components of an atom?

Answer 1

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Question 2

What is the difference between cations and anions?

Answer 2

Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.

Question 3

What is an isotope?

Answer 3

An isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Question 4

What determines electron configuration?

Answer 4

Energy levels of electrons.

Question 5

How can you identify ions based on protons and electrons?

Answer 5

By comparing the number of protons and electrons; if protons exceed electrons, it’s a cation, and if electrons exceed protons, it’s an anion.

Question 6

What are metalloids?

Answer 6

Elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

Question 7

What are noble gases?

Answer 7

A group of elements on the periodic table that are inert and have full valence shells.

Question 8

What are the types of chemical bonds?

Answer 8

Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Question 9

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?

Answer 9

Polar molecules have a net dipole moment due to unequal sharing of electrons, while nonpolar molecules do not.

Question 10

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

Answer 10

High melting and boiling points, electrical conductivity when dissolved in water.

Question 11

What are metallic properties?

Answer 11

Malleability, ductility, and conductivity.

Question 12

How are ions formed in ionic bonds?

Answer 12

Metals lose electrons to become cations, while nonmetals gain electrons to become anions.

Question 13

What are the types of chemical reactions?

Answer 13

Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion, and neutralization.

Question 14

What is the role of oxygen in combustion reactions?

Answer 14

Oxygen is a reactant that combines with a fuel to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Question 15

What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?

Answer 15

Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic reactions release heat.

Question 16

What are catalysts and inhibitors?

Answer 16

Catalysts speed up reactions, while inhibitors slow them down.

Question 17

What is the difference between elements, compounds, and mixtures?

Answer 17

Elements are pure substances, compounds are made of two or more elements chemically combined, and mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their individual properties.

Question 18

What are solutes and solvents?

Answer 18

Solutes are substances dissolved in a solvent, which is the substance that does the dissolving.

Question 19

How can you increase solubility or dissolve rate?

Answer 19

By increasing temperature, stirring, or crushing the solute.

Question 20

How do you calculate concentration?

Answer 20

Using the formula C = mv (g/L).

Question 21

What is percent concentration?

Answer 21

Percent concentration is calculated as (volume of solute/ total volume) × 100.

Question 22

What is the pH scale used for?

Answer 22

To measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Question 23

What are the types of waves?

Answer 23

Mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.

Question 24

What are the parts of a wave?

Answer 24

Crest, trough, compression, and rarefaction.

Question 25

What are wave properties?

Answer 25

Amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and speed.

Question 26

What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?

Answer 26

Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel, while longitudinal waves oscillate parallel.

Question 27

How do you calculate wave speed?

Answer 27

Using the formula v = f × λ.

Question 28

How are frequency and wavelength related?

Answer 28

They are inversely related; as frequency increases, wavelength decreases.

Question 29

What are the structures of the ear?

Answer 29

Pinna, eardrum, and cochlea.

Question 30

What is the Doppler effect?

Answer 30

The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

Question 31

What is interference in sound?

Answer 31

The combination of two or more sound waves resulting in constructive or destructive interference.

Question 32

What are beats in sound?

Answer 32

The interference pattern between two sound waves of slightly different frequencies.

Question 33

What are some uses of sound?

Answer 33

Sonar, echolocation, and ultrasound.

Question 34

How does sound travel through different mediums?

Answer 34

Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and gases due to closer particle proximity.

Question 35

What are the properties of light?

Answer 35

Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels without a medium.

Question 36

What are transparent, translucent, and opaque materials?

Answer 36

Transparent materials allow light to pass through, translucent materials allow some light, and opaque materials block light.

Question 37

What are the behaviors of light?

Answer 37

Reflection, absorption, transmission, and refraction.

Question 38

What are the primary colors of light?

Answer 38

Red, green, and blue.

Question 39

What types of images can mirrors produce?

Answer 39

Virtual and real images.

Question 40

What is refraction?

Answer 40

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Question 41

Which colors bend more or less in refraction?

Answer 41

Red bends the least, while violet bends the most.

Question 42

What are electrical charges?

Answer 42

Electrical charges can be positive or negative, with like charges repelling and opposite charges attracting.

Question 43

What is the difference between open and closed circuits?

Answer 43

Open circuits have a break in the path, preventing current flow, while closed circuits allow current to flow.

Question 44

What is polarization in electricity?

Answer 44

The separation of charges within an object.

Question 45

What factors affect resistance?

Answer 45

Length and material of the conductor.

Question 46

What are the parts of a circuit?

Answer 46

Conductors, devices, switches, and power source.

Question 47

What is Ohm's Law?

Answer 47

The relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) expressed as V = I × R.

Question 48

What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?

Answer 48

In series circuits, current flows through a single path, while in parallel circuits, current can flow through multiple paths.