Exam Flashcards
(24 cards)
Week 1
Lacey (2002: 265) suggests that criminology ‘concerns itself with social individual ‘causes of crime and with the nature of crime as a social phenomenon’ whereas criminal justice studies ‘deal with the specifically institutional aspects of crime’ criminological work tends to be more theoretically informed than criminal justice studies and is more concerned with crime and its causes
week 1
John Worboys is a convicted sex offender known as the ‘black cab rapist’ who lived locally in Poole
week 1
Initially convicted in 2009 for attacks on 12 women - police believe may have been over 100 victims, relied on rough sex defence at first trial
week 1
his Modus Operandi (MO) (Method of operation) was to pick up female ‘fares’ late at night in central London and tell them he just won a lot of money; he gave them champagne laced with sleeping drugs then he raped and sexually assaulted them
week 1
over a period of six year, 14 women complained to the police of assault or other worrying experiences in a taxi, all had similarities, the police failed to link them
there are two perspectives about crime statistics: social constructivist perspective and the realist perspective
social constructivist perspective is the widely held view that crime is socially constructed and whether an act is criminal or not is determined by social, historical and political processes
a realist perspective argues that crime is very real for example you would not say to a victim don’t be upset crime is just a social construction
argued by Joyce & Laverick 2022 crime stats cannot measure crime in separation from the action of the agencies who produce them whereas Durkheim 1979 says that at the very least, crime statistics are ‘social facts’
police recorded crime and the national crime recording standard (NCRS) introduced in 2002 with the aim of achieving more consistency and accuracy with police crime recording
indictable offences (serious crimes such as murder, rape, robbery which can only be tried in front of a jury at a crown court)
summary offences (such as ‘minor’ motoring crimes, can only be tried by a magistrate)
either way offences (a in-between category whereby offenders charged with these crimes can be tried either by magistrates or at the crown court)
statistics grouped into nine categories: violence,
homicide,
robbery,
theft,
computer misuse,
fraud,
sexual offences,
public order offences,
criminal damage
summary offences are not included
CSEW estimates are derived from interviews from a core sample of approximately 35,000 individuals aged 16 and over living in households
as of March 2024, there were 147,746 full time equivalent police officers serving in the 43 territorial police forces in England and Wales
as at 31 March 2024 there were 236,588 FTE workers employed by 43 territorial police forces
147,746 police officers
81,303 civilian stagg
7,539 police community support officer
6118 members of special constabulary
7,211 police support volunteers
Steve Uglow (2013:408) CJS collection of autonomous and semi-autonomous agencies… each has its own objectives and responsibilities… these tensions may be exacerbated by the fact that the system in England and Wales is adversarial rather than inquisitorial
building blocks of CJ system: substantive criminal law; procedural criminal law; law enforcement agencies; prosecution of offenders; legal representations of offenders; trials & sentencing of the accused; a prison system
PACE 1984 established a balance of power - police/rights/freedoms and ensure evidence is accepted in court covers all elements of key police powers
PACE section 78 one of the most important sections in PACE covers any evidence obtained which has been obtained by unfair means states the court may refuse to allow evidence on which the prosecution proposes to rely to be given if it appears the the court that having regard to all the circumstances including circumstance in which the evidence was obtained, the admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness
only about 3 to 4% of criminal cases reach the crown court (Newburn 2017:592) there is not significant concern that there is a huge backlog in the system with 66,937 unheard cases in January 2024
principle/purpose of prisons:
punishment
retribution or justice
deterrence
rehabilitation/re-education
public safety
safety of offender
framework (1): media agenda (Jones 2017:61)/(Greer & Reiner 2012)
framework (2): the law of opposites (Reiner 2016)
framework (3): news selection (Chibnall 1973)
framework (4): the ideal victim (Christie 1986)
