Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Publics Opinion of Business Ethics - 2 things
A
1 - Are the media reporting bus ethics more rigorously?
2- Is it society that is changing?
2
Q
Define Ethics
A
Standards of conduct that originate from some external group or source such as society in general, or business in particular.
3
Q
Define morals
A
Standards of conduct that originate within the individual
4
Q
Define business ethics
A
Concerned with rightness, wrongness, fairness, or justice of actions, decisions, policies, and practices that take place within a business context or the work place
5
Q
Define descriptive ethics
A
Concerned with describing, characterizing, and studying the morals of people, an organization, culture or society
6
Q
Descriptive ethics vs Normative ethics
A
Describes what is occurring vs what ought to be
7
Q
Define Normative ethics
A
Concerned with supplying and justifying a coherent moral system of thinking and judging
8
Q
What is the conventional approach to business ethics
A
To compare a decision, practice, or policy that is being used in practice with prevailing norms of acceptability in society
9
Q
Ethics and the Law - what do they have in common?
A
Both have to do with what is considered right in the eyes of society (NOT always true for law)
10
Q
What questions do you ask when making ethical judgements
A
1 - What is the true nature (Observe/participate in an action)
2 - What are societies norms
3 - What value judgements are made by someone
11
Q
Define ethical relativism
A
The idea of picking and choosing which set of norms we wish to apply on the basis of our current action (for making ethical judgements) - BE WARY
12
Q
What are the 3 central values of business ethics? How do they overlap?
A
Ethics, Economics, and Law
Ideal: All 3 overlap
Caution: Legal and profit; profit and ethic
Seek profit: Legal and ethical
13
Q
List the three models of MGT Ethics
A
Immoral, Moral, Amoral
14
Q
Define immoral mgt
A
An approach to MGT devoid of ethical principals or precepts and at the same t, imposes a positive and active opposition to what is ethical.
SELFISH MGT and knows right from wrong - just goes against it
15
Q
Define moral management
A
An approach to MGT that conforms to the highest standards of ethical behaviour/professional standdards of conduct
FAIR/BALANCED MGT that wants to succeed in confines of ethics & law
16
Q
Define Integrity strategy
A
Characterized by a conception of ethics as the driving force of an organization - used in moral management
17
Q
What are the 7 habits of moral leaders
A
Passion to do right Morally proactive Consider all SH Strong ethical character Obsession w/fairness Undertake principle decision making Integrate ethics wisdom w/mgt wisdom
18
Q
Define Amoral MGt
A
Not just a middle ground - 2 kinds intentional & unintentional
19
Q
Define Unintentional Amoral MGT
A
Do not think of business in ethical terms because they are casual, careless, or inattentive on the fact that their decisions may have a negative effect on ethics
20
Q
Define intentional amoral MGT
A
Do not use ethics because they believe its outside the business sphere
21
Q
Define unconscious bias and its importance
A
It is part of the way management is - part of amoral mgt
22
Q
Define compliance strategy
A
submission to law as driving force - MGT as rational maximizer of self interest w/indifference to moral legitimacy of choices
Used in amoral mgt
23
Q
List the 2 hypothseis of the Models of MGT Morality
A
Population hypothesis and Individual hypothesis
24
Q
Define the population hypothesis of the Models of MGT Morality
A
Distribution of 3 models might approximate a normal curve within MGR pop - Amoral large middle with moral and immoral on outskirts
25
Define the individual hypothesis of the Models of MGT Morality
Each manager has a normal curve with the 3 styles w/in - amoral large middle, moral and immoral outskirts
26
How many levels/stages are in Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development
3 levels with 6 stages (2 per level)
27
List the levels/stages of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development
Preconventional - Reaction to punishment, Seeking of rewards
Conventional - Good boy/nice girl, law and order making
Post conventional/Autonomous/Principled - social contract orientation, universal ethical principle orientation
28
Preconventional level of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development
Including the stages (1&2) of Reaction to punishment and Seeking of rewards, the focus mainly on the self
Typical of infants and children
29
Conventional level of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development
Including the stages (3&4) of Good boy/nice girl and law and order making, the individual learns the importance of conforming to the conventional norms of the group/society
30
Post conventional/Autonomous/Principled level of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development
Including the stages (5&6) of social contract orientation and universal ethical principle orientation, it is the level at which morality becomes self-acceptable. Few reach this level
31
Define ethics of care - Jill
View that women use ethics as relationship maintenance/hurt avoidance, composed of three levels
32
What are the three levels of the ethics of care
1- self
2- establish connections and principles
3- own needs and needs of others
33
What are the sources external to the organization in the web of values
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Religious (fairness)
Philosophical (reason)
Cultural (traditions, societies influence)
Legal (minimal codification)
Professional (prof org/leaders)
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34
What are the sources internal to the organization (ethical values)
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Respect for authority
Loyalty to bosses and org
Conform to principles
Performance counts above all else
Results above all else
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35
What is the bottom line mentality in the internal org. ethical value view
The internal sources of ethics that work together as area influential on behaviour
36
Define moral imagination
Ability to perceive that a web of competing economic relationships is at the same time, a web of moral/ethical relations
37
What is Moral identification and ordering
A practical decision phase of moral judgements and entails essential skills, such as coherence and consistency that have proved to be effect principles in other contexts
38
What is tolerance of moral disagreement and ambiguity
The extension of a managerial aptitude that is present in practically all decision-making strategies mgrs face, including ability to hear, discuss and be respectful towards other perspectives
39
What is integration of managerial and moral competence
Capability to make ethical decisions in an organization
40
What is a sense of moral obligation
Requires the intuitive or learned understanding that moral threads are woven into the fabric of managerial decision making and are the integral components that hold systems together
41
What are the 4 main levels ethical issues can appear at within a business
Personal
Managerial and Organizational
Industry/Professional
Societal and Global
42
What is the personal level an ethical issues can appear at within a business
Occur outside of employment but with implications on job
43
What are the questions of the managerial and organizational level an ethical issues can appear at within a business
Should I set high goals even thought might require cutting corners? Should I authorize a subordinate to side-step company policy to close a deal before months end?
44
What is the industry/professional level an ethical issues can appear at within a business
Regulate, insurance, etc
45
What is the societal and global level an ethical issues can appear at within a business
MGTS acting in concert through company and industries
46
Define managerial ethics
Entails making decisions with ethical implications or consequences
47
Define conflict of interest
Present when an individual has to chose b/t his or her interest and the interests of someone else/some other group
48
Define the principles approach to ethics
Based on the idea that employees and mgrs desire to anchor their decisions and actions on more solid foundation than that provided with the conventional approach
49
What is an ethics principle
Concept, rule, or guideline that, if applied when faced with ethical decision, will assist you in taking the ethical course of action
50
List the types of ethicals or theories
Teleological
Deontological
Aretaic
51
Define teleological theories (ethical principles)
Focus on the consequences or results the actions they produce - UTILITARIAN
52
Define deontological theories (ethical principles)
Focus on the duties
53
Define aretaic theories (ethical principles)
Aristotle's view that sees the individual as a member of a social unit and moral virtue as a behavioral habit
54
What is the principle of utilitarianism
A consequential principal that asserts "we should always act as so to provide the greatest ration of good to evil for everyone"
55
What is Kant's Categorical Imperative
A duty-based principle of ethics with 3 formulations, including the principles of ends and principle of autonomy
56
What is the first formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative
only act on rules that you would be willing to see all follow
57
What is the second formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative
The principle of ends - treat people as an ends not just means
58
What is the third formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative
the principle of autonomy - we do not need an external authority to determine the nature of moral law
59
What is the principle of rights
Rights can only be overridden by a more basic or important right
60
what are moral rights
important, justifiable claims or entitlements
61
What are legal rights
Rights that a governing authority has
62
Qhat are negative rights
Right to be left alone - think and act free of concern
63
what are positive rights
Right to something, such as food, Healthcare, etc
64
Define competing rights
The dilemma that is made when not a clear "right vs wrong" but is actually a "right vs right"
65
What are the 2 steps to determine competing rights
1 - eliminate the conflict by reframing it
| 2 - Decide what is "more right"
66
Dfine principle of justice
Involves the fair treatment of each person based on type of work, effort, merit needed, time spent, etc
67
Define distributive justice
Distribution of benefits and burdens in society and organizations
68
Define compensating justice
compensating someone for a past injustice
69
define procedural justice/ethical due process
fair decision making procedures, practice, or agreements based on three factors - input included? Decisions implemented appropriately? Do mgrs provide explanations/treat others with respect?
70
Define Rawl's Principle of Justice
Based on idea that what we need first is a fair method by which we may choose the principles and through conflicts will be resolved
71
What are the 2 components of Rawls' Principle of Justice
1 - Each person has equal right to basic liberties
2 - Social and economic inequalities are arranged so they a) reasonably expected to be everyone's advantage and b) attached to positions
72
Define Virtue Ethics
Focuses on the individual becoming imbued with virtues
73
What are the virtues of virtue ethics
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Honesty
Fairness
truthfulness
trustworthiness
benevolence
respect
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74
Define Servant leadership
An approach to ethical leadership decision-making based on serving others first
75
What are the 10 key characteristics to servant leadership?
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Listening
Empathy
Healing
Persuasion
Awareness
Foresight
Conceptualization
commitment to growth of people
stewardship
building community
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76
Define the golden rule and 4 reasons why to follow it
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Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
1 - accepted by most people
2 - easy to understand
3 - win/win philosophy
4 - acts as a compass when you need one
```
77
What is the test of common sense
Does the action I am getting ready to take really make sense? (smell test)
78
What is the test of on'es best self
Is this decision I am about to take compatible with myself at my best
79
What is the test of making something public (disclosure rule)
How would I feel if others knew I was doing this (MOST POWERFUL TEST)
80
What is the test of ventilation
Expose your proposed action to others and get their thoughts o nit before acting
81
What is the test of a purified idea
If a person of authority says it is acceptable (BUT BE CAUTIOUS OF WHO YOUR AUTHORITY FIGURE IS)
82
What is the test of the big 4
Greed, speed, laziness and haziness - has your action fallen victim to any of these?
83
What is the gag test
Gag at prospect of carrying out the task - not always effective depending on what the task is
84
What ethical test should be utilized for decision making?
No one test alone should be used, but multiple in conjunction.
85
What is the "hierarchy" of influence on an individuals moral climate within an organization
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Societies moral climate
Business moral climate
Industries moral climate
Organizational moral climate
Superiors, policies, and peers influence on the individuals moral climate
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86
What is an organizations ethical culture
Refers to shared beliefs, values, behaviour and ways of doing things in an organization
87
What are the concerns w/ compliance method of ethics
1 - could undermine the ethical way of thinking
2 - compliance can squeeze out ethics
3 - false consciousness
88
What are the 3 key elements to the best practices for improving organizational ethics
1 - presence of ethical leadership
2- existence of core ethical values by policies, processes, and practices
3 - formal ethics program
89
Moral manager vs moral person
2 important pillars to leadership
moral manager: recognizes the importance of using ethics
moral person: traits, behaviour, and decision making
90
What are the three important communication principles of ethical messages
1 - candor: mgr is forthright, sincere, and honest in communication
2 - fidelity: communicator is faithful to detail, accurate, and avoids deception
3 - confidentiality: exercise care in disclosure
91
What are ethical compliance programs
Organizations, managers, people, or departments that have responsibility of monitoring and improving ethics in an organization
92
What are ethics and compliance officers
In charge of implementing the array of ethics and compliance initiatives in an organization
93
What is an ethics screen
Consists of several standards against which the proposed course of action is to be compared
94
Ethics check
Is it legal, is it balanced, how will it make me feel about myself
95
Ethics quick test - 7 Qs
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Legal
Comply with values?
Will you feel bad if you do it?
How will it look in the news?
If you know its wrong, dont do it
If youre not sure, ask
Keep asking until you get an answer
```
96
How do you discipline violators of ethical standards
Be clear in what ethics are and take action when not followed
97
How should business ethics training be
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1 - be specific
2 - two-way converstaion
3 - interactive
4- memorable, use situations
5 - relatable
6- reinforced
7 - repeated
8 - visible
9 - Enforce ethics hotlines
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98
What are ethical audits
Intended to carefully review ethics initiatives, such as ethic programs, codes of conduct, hotlines and training programs to determine their effectiveness and results
99
What is a fraud riska ssessment
the review process designed to carefully ID and monitor conditions and events that may have some bearing on the compliance/misconduct risk and review methods for dealing with those concerns
100
What is corporate transparency
Refers to a quality, characteristic, or state in which activities, promises, practices, and decisions that take place be open to the outside
101
What is behaviour ethics
descriptive in nature, it helps us to understand at a deeper level many of the behavioural processes that research has shown are actually taking place in people and society
102
Bounded ethicality
tends to occur when managers and employees find that even when they aspire to behave ethically it is different due to a variety of different organizational processes and psychological tendencies that interfere
103
Conformity bias
tendency to take ethical cues from peers rather than using their own independent judgement
104
Define overconfidence bias
Tendency of people to be more confident of their own moral behaviour than they have objective view to be
105
Self-serving bias
propensity of people to process info in a way that aligns with their current beliefs
106
Framing
peoples ethical judgements are affected by how a Q is proposed
107
Incrementalism
predisposition toward the slippery slope
108
Role morality
tendency some people have to use different ethical standards as they move through different roles in their life
109
Moral equilbrium
the penchant for people to keep an ethical scoreboard in their heads and use this info when making future decisions
110
What are the 5 barriers to an ethical organization
1 - ill-conceived goals
2 - motivated blindness (overlook others questionable behaviours when it is i n ones own best interest)
3 - indirect blindness ( when one holds others less accountable for unethical behavior)
4- slippery slope
5 - overcoming values (act of letting questionable behaviours pass if outcome is good)
