Exam 2 Flashcards

(208 cards)

1
Q

Functions of the Bone

A

support, protection, allow movement/lever system, storage depot for Ca and P salts, hematopoiesis

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2
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells involved multipotent stem cells

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3
Q

Classes of Bones

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones

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4
Q

Long Bones

A

longer than they are wide

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5
Q

Short Bones

A

Same size in width and length

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

bones that we cannot describe the shape of

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7
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

form entirely of a tendon

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8
Q

Structures of a long bone

A

Diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, marrow cavity

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone

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10
Q

Metaphysis

A

neck of bone (bone ends to widen)

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11
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of the bones and contain spongy bones which has empty spaces that are red bone marrow

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12
Q

Red bone marrow

A

active type of bone marrow and where hematopoiesis occurs

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13
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

inactive type of bone marrow which is mostly fat and fill the narrow part of long bones called the medullary cavity

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14
Q

Compact bone

A

hard parts of bone and made up of osteons with concentric layers of lamellae and found in diaphysis or either side of flat bones

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15
Q

Spongy bone

A

lattice work of bone and does not contain osteons or blood vessels and has more space (medullary cavity)

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16
Q

Periosteum

A

the wrapping of our bone and is made up of dense irregular connective tissue and considered active part of bone (osteoblasts and osteoclasts are here)

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17
Q

Perforating fibers

A

help attach periosteum to compact bone (collagen fibers do by providing strength in many directions)

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18
Q

Fibers of tendons

A

dense regular connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

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19
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines the medullary cavity and contains many osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts (more active than periosteum)

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20
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

metaphysis and is made of the hyaline cartilage (in kids)

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21
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

metaphysis in an adult so hyaline cartilage disappears

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22
Q

Articular cartilage

A

is made of hyaline cartilage and coats the ends of the long bones that articulate with other bones (very smooth and reduces friction), lot of collagen so strong

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23
Q

Bone is a dynamic tissue

A

so very vascularized (in communication with other systems in the body)

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24
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

bring blood into the central canal then the osteons to the osteocytes for nutrients

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25
Ossification
bone formation (occurs in fetal skeleton)
26
Types of bone formation
Intramembranous and endochondral
27
Mesenchyme
fetal connective tissues that has a lot of blood vessels coming through
28
Intramembranous ossification
Osteoblasts starts to secret bone matrix and start to calcify and harden as calcium salts are added and trap some osteoblasts and continues to secretes the osteoid
29
Fontanelles
large areas of dense connective tissues in fetal skull and provide flexibility during birth and growth (gone by age 2 by sutures)
30
Endochondral ossification in fetal
Starts with bone already patterned by hyaline cartilage and osseous tissue begins to replace the hyaline cartilage. Chondrocytes begin to enlarge and die without nutrients. Chondroblasts will become osteoblasts. The spaces then begin to build blood vessels and become primary ossification center. Then secondary ossification center is created then the osteoblasts are trapped and mature into osteocytes. Much of the hyaline cartilage is replace by bone and spongy bone is created
31
Primary ossification center
secreted bony matrix where most of the osteoblasts are
32
Secondary ossification center
more blood vessels invade bringing osteoprogenitor cells that become osteoblasts and lay down more bone matrix
33
Appositional growth
can occur in children and adults, increase in width, compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae
34
Bone remodeling
occurs in response to demand on bones | ex: weight training (stronger) or prolonged bed rest (weaker)
35
Wolffe's Law
bones remodel in response to compressive force
36
PTH
stimulates osteoclasts so calcium in body increases
37
Calcitonin
inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts so calcium in body decreases
38
Osteoporosis
most common in aging and post menopause females (lack of estrogen), less bone density, results in compression fractures in vertebrae
39
Steps in bone repair
hematoma, soft callus, bony callus, remodeling
40
fibrocartilage callus
occurs during internal part of break after hematoma by active cells in endosteum
41
Hematoma
blood clot in bone
42
Closed fracture
not penetrated the skin
43
Open fracture
has broken through the skin and may cause an infection
44
Greenstick fracture
common in children, happen when fracture only goes halfway through bone
45
Articulation
meeting place of 2 or more bones | ex: shoulder joint connects humerus to scapula
46
Range of motion
refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint movement (in degrees)
47
Degrees of freedom
the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs
48
Relationship between mobility and stability
inverse
49
Synarthrosis
immovable
50
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
51
Diarthrosis
freely movable
52
Classification of joints by structure
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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Flexion
typically bends the joint, decreasing the angle between bones
54
Extension
typically straightens the joint, increasing angle between bones
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Dorsiflexion
bring the foot towards the body
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Plantarflexion
bring the foot away from the body
57
Abduction
movement away from the midline
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Adduction
movement toward the midline
59
Circumduction
combines forward and backward movement with medial and lateral movement in a cone-like shape
60
Rotation
movement around a longitudinal axis of a moving segment
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Pronation
radius rotates over ulna
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Supination
radius and ulna are parallel
63
Inversion
take sole of foot and rotate it to point inward
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Eversion
take sole of foot and rotate it to point outward
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Elevation
moves upward
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Depression
moves downward
67
Protraction
push forward
68
Retraction
pull backward
69
Opposition
movement where any two fingers (one of them is mainly the thumb) come together "pinching"
70
Types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
71
Types of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis, symphysis
72
Types of synovial joints
uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, non axial
73
Sutures
connects bones of the skull, bond together by extremely short and tight fibers, synarthrosis
74
Syndesmosis
longer fibers than suture but still short, bones connected by interosseous ligament (allows for slight shift or give movement)
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Synchondrosis
hyaline cartilage connects bones or part of bones, immovable,
76
Symphysis
fibrocartilage disc unites bone, allows for slight movement | ex: pubic symphysis, joints connecting vertebral bodies
77
Synovial
characterized by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, freely movable joints, most commonly seen in appendicular skeleton, all share common anatomy
78
Synovial membrane
loose connective tissue that is vascularized and secretes synovial fluid
79
Joint capsule
dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous to the periosteum
80
purpose of synovial fluid
cushion, lubricate, nourish
81
Bursa
pillows of synovial fluid
82
Tendon sheath
sleeve filled with synovial fluid
83
Uniaxial joints
1 axis of rotation
84
Types of uniaxial joints
hinge joints, pivot joints
85
Hinge joints
concave surface articulating with a convex surface | ex: elbow
86
Pivot joints
cylinder shape rotates within ring of bone or ligament | ex: axis and atlas of vertebra
87
Biaxial
2 pairs of rotation
88
Condyloid joints
ovoid-shaped process articulate with a shallow cavity | ex: wrist
89
Saddle joints
distinctly shaped articulating surfaces | ex: first metacarpals
90
Types of biaxial joints
condyloid joints, saddle joints
91
Triaxial joints
3 axes of rotation
92
Types of triaxial joints
ball and socket joints
93
Ball and socket joints
spherical surface articulating with a cup-shaped socket
94
Nonaxial joints
no identifiable axis of rotation, slight gliding movements
95
Types of nonaxial joints
gliding joints
96
Gliding joints
flat or nearly flat articular surfaces that allow gliding in any direction
97
Amphipathic
having the characteristic of being nonpolar and polar
98
Peripheral proteins
attach to either inner or outer face of membrane
99
Integral proteins
protrude partly or all the way across membrane, include channel proteins and carrier proteins
100
Plasma membrane functions
physical barrier, exchange, communication, attachment
101
Paracellular
between cells
102
Transcellular
through cells
103
Passive Transport
does not require energy from the cell, materials move from higher concentration to lower concentration
104
Active Transport
requires energy, molecules are moved from lower concentration to higher concentration
105
Types of passive transport
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filration
106
Brownian motion
random movements of molecules in all directions, non-linear
107
Properties of simple diffusion
passive process, net movement of high to low concentration, requires a concentration gradient, rapid over short distances, directly related to temperature, inversely related to molecular size, in open system or across a partition
108
Concentration gradient
the absolute difference in solute concentration between two places
109
Osmosis
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, the concentration of water is lowered by the addition of solutes
110
Osmolarity
the number of particles in solution
111
Hypertonic solution
increase in volume of solute outside the cell so water moves out of cell (cell shrinks)
112
Hypotonic solution
higher volume of solute inside the cell so water moves into the cell (cell swells)
113
Isotonic solution
no change in cell volume
114
Osmotic force
pressure created by diffusion of water
115
Hydrostatic force
force that is created by fluid kept under pressure
116
Facilitated diffusion
solute requires the help of an integral protein to pass through the plasma membrane ex: glucose
117
Bulk filtration
not due to random motion of individual molecules, solute follows the pressure gradient
118
Types of ion gating mechanisms
voltage-gated, ligand-gated, mechanosensitive
119
Channelopathies
diseases and disorders that are result of ion channel dysfunction
120
Occlusion state
a state that the solute is not accessible either inside or outside
121
Primary active transport
directly consumes ATP
122
Secondary active transport
utilizes energy stored in a pre-existing concentration gradient
123
Axial skeleton
head, vertebral column includes ribs and sternum
124
Temporal Mandibular joint (TMJ)
demonstrated by yawning, complex
125
Bones involved in TMJ
temporal (mandibular fossa) and mandible (mandibular condyles), combined hinge and gliding joint, includes a cushioning disk (made of fibrocartilage)
126
Muscles involved in TMJ
Digastric (opens jaws), Temporalis and Masseter (closes jaw), Pterygoids (lateral excursion, protrusion, depression/elevation of mandible)
127
Function of vertebral column
support weight of head and trunk, protect spinal cord
128
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
26 bones
129
Sections of the vertebral column and the number of bones in each
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused)
130
movements of the vertebral column
flexion/extension, lateral flexion, circumduction, rotation
131
What is the intervertebral disk made out of?
outer annulus fibrosus, inner nucleus pulposis
132
Herniated (slipped) disc
tear in annulus fibrosus allows protrusion of nucleus pulposis, pressed on the spinal nerve which causes pain
133
Atlanto-axial joint
first cervical vertebra (C1) is called atlas and has no body, second cervical vertebra (C2) is called axis and contains dens, produce the "no-no" movement (pivot joint)
134
Atlanto-occipital joint
atlas superior facets articulate with occipital condyles, makes a double condyloid joint
135
Functions of atlanto-occipital joint
allows for extended range of motion for flexion/extension of head on the neck, makes the "yes" movement
136
Muscles of the intervertebral joints
sternocleidomastoid (one side allows us to oblique the skull while both sides do forward flexion), rectus abdominus (flexes vertebral column), erector spinae (extend vertebral column)
137
What are the bones of the thorax?
sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebra
138
Functions of the thorax
protection of heart and lungs, role of gliding movements for breathing
139
Costovertebral joints
head of rib with vertebral body, tubercle of rib with transverse process, all are gliding joints
140
Postural curves
primary curves, secondary curves
141
Primary curves
convex posterior, thoracic and sacral
142
Secondary curves
convex anterior, cervical and lumbar
143
What is the curve of a newborn?
"C" shaped, no secondary curves, primary curves shaped as thoracic and sacral supposed to be
144
When do the secondary curves start to appear?
cervical - as baby gains head control and lumbar - when infant learn to sit/stand
145
The importance of postural curves
curves balance the spine and makes so little muscular energy is required to maintain upright position
146
What are the abnormal postural curves?
kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
147
Kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curve, common in elderly women with osteoporosis
148
Lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curve, common in pregnancy or weight gain in same area
149
Scoliosis
lateral curvature, C- or S- shaped
150
Agonist or Prime mover
directly performs the desires movement, first muscle recruited for a particular movement
151
Antagonist
opposes the movement, performs opposite action
152
Synergist
recruited to assist for extra strength, or to stabilize joint and allow movement
153
Function of Pectoral girdle
connects upper extremity to axial skeleton
154
Bones of pectoral girdle
clavicle, manubrium sternum, scapula
155
Articulations of pectoral girdle
sternoclavicular (manubrium - clavicle and is gliding joint), acromioclavicular (clavicle -acromion of scapula and is gliding joint) these two joints allow for elevation and depression of the scapula
156
Scapular muscles
upper trapezius - elevates scapula lower trapezius - depresses scapula middle of trapezius - produce retraction of scapula
157
Glenohumeral joint
most freely moveable joint, ball and socket joint
158
Bones of glenohumeral joint
scapula - glenoid fossa and humerus - head
159
Deltoid - posterior
abduct, extend
160
Latissimus dorsi
extend, adduct
161
Supraspinatus
abduction
162
Infraspinatus
external rotation
163
Teres minor
external rotation
164
Triceps brachii
extend
165
Deltoid - anterior
flex
166
Pectoralis major
flex, adduct, and internally rotate
167
Subscapularis
internal rotation
168
Biceps brachii
flex
169
Bones of the elbow joint
humerus, ulna, and radius
170
Movements of the elbow
flexion-extension at humero-ulnar hinge joint
171
Muscles of the elbow
brachialis - flex brachioradialis - flex biceps brachii - flex triceps brachii - extend
172
What is the prime mover of elbow joint flexion?
brachialis
173
What is the syngerist of elbow joint flexion?
biceps
174
What is the antagonist of elbow joint flexion?
triceps
175
Why are the biceps not the prime mover for elbow joint flexion?
biceps are a powerful supinator
176
Pronator teres
pronate
177
Bones of the wrist
radius, ulna, carpals
178
Articulation of the wrist joint
radiocarpal - true wrist = condyloid (biaxial) synovial joint
179
Muscles of the wrist
flexors carpi ulnas and radialis - flexion extensor carpi ulnas and radialis - extension adduction - ulnar flexor and ulnar extensor abduction - radial flexor and radial extensor combine all four for circumduction
180
What is the os coxa?
ilium, ischium, pubis
181
Acetabulum
deep depression that forms the hip articulation with the femur
182
Articulations of the pelvic girdle
sacroiliac - ilium to sacrum - gliding, pubic symphysis - symphysis, lumbosacral - L5 and sacrum - symphysis and gliding
183
Muscles of the pelvis girdle
rectus abdominus - flexion erector spinae - extension quadratus lumborum - lateral tilts (attaches to ilium)
184
Bones of the hip joint
head of the femur articulates with deep socket (acetabulum), ball and socket joint
185
Movements of hip
flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal and external rotation
186
Psoas major
flex
187
Gluteus medius
abduct, internal rotation
188
Gluteus maximus
extend, external rotation
189
Adductors
adduct
190
Gluteus minimus
abduct, internal rotation
191
Rectus femoris for hip
one of the quadriceps, flex
192
Hamstrings for hip
Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris (all 3 extend)
193
Bones of the knee joint
femur - femoral condyles, tibia - tibial condyles, patella
194
Articulations of the knee joint
Double condyloid joint because the medial condyles of the femur and tibia articulate with each other while the lateral condyles of the femur and tibia articulate with each other Patellar articulation
195
Movements of the knee joint
flexion/extension (more than simple hinge and soft tissue needed for stability)
196
Menisci
fibrocartilage pads that provide cushion between the condyloid of each joint
197
Cruciate ligament (ACL and PCL)
prevent the tibia from completely rolling off from the femur as it glides through flexion and extension
198
Collateral ligaments
provides stability in lateral motion so prevent the tibia from rolling side to side
199
Bursae
synovial pillows that help to reduce friction during motion of synovial joints
200
Fat pads
provides additional cushion
201
ACL tears
sprain or tear of the ACL by direct blow to the knee, strong muscle contraction due to sudden change of direction while running but can be repaired surgically
202
Patellar ligament
attaches to patella from tibia
203
Functions of the patella
protection and mechanical advantage for knee extension
204
Hamstrings for knee
all flex
205
Gastrocnemius
flex
206
Quadriceps for knee
rectus femoris, vasti lateralis, vasti medialis, vasti intermedius - all extend
207
Sartorius for hip
flex, abduct, external rotation
208
Sartorius for knee
flex