Exam 2

Question 1

distal stimulus

Answer 1

physical object

Question 2

proximal stimulus

Answer 2

optical image on the retina

Question 3

absolute threshold

Answer 3

minimal stimulus detectable

Question 4

difference threshold

Answer 4

minimal change in a stimulus detectable

Question 5

Weber’s law

Answer 5

bigger stimulus = bigger change to be detectable

Question 6

accomodation

Answer 6

ciliary muscles change thickness of the lens to adjust to see near/far

Question 7

vestibular sense

Answer 7

body orientation relative to gravity

Question 8

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 8

the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts

Question 9

bottom-up processing

Answer 9

perceptual analysis based on what you see

Question 10

top-down processing

Answer 10

perceptual analysis based on previous knowledge

Question 11

set

Answer 11

temporary readiness to perceive/react to a stimulus in a certain way

Question 12

phonemic restoration

Answer 12

“hearing” what wasn’t actually heard when a part is obscured

Question 13

law of proximity

Answer 13

group together what is close

Question 14

law of similarity

Answer 14

group together what is similar

Question 15

law of good continuation

Answer 15

lines are perceived as continuous

Question 16

law of common fate

Answer 16

group together objects moving in the same direction

Question 17

autonomic nervous system

Answer 17

prepares the body for emotional responses

Question 18

sympathetic response

Answer 18

mild, bad

Question 19

parasympathetic response

Answer 19

mild, good

Question 20

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 20

stimulus > ANS > emotion

Question 21

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 21

stimulus > ANS & emotion

Question 22

Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotion

Answer 22

stimulus > ANS & cognitive appraisal > emotion

Question 23

positive mood (approach)

Answer 23

broadens focus, flexible, creative problem solving

Question 24

negative mood (approach)

Answer 24

harsher judgment (less gullible), focus on critical information

Question 25

hypothalamus

Answer 25

stress, controls ANS, activates pituitary gland, fight/flight

Question 26

problem-directed coping

Answer 26

direct actions, problem-solving strategies

Question 27

emotion-focused coping

Answer 27

make yourself feel better, focus on self not problem

Question 28

stress inoculation

Answer 28

preparation > confrontation > coping > reinforcement

Question 29

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 29

alarm recognition > resistance, exhaustion

Question 30

type A personality

Answer 30

hostile traits, increased risk of illness

Question 31

burnout

Answer 31

emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment

Question 32

sensation seeking

Answer 32

more likely to engage in risky behaviors

Question 33

explicit memory

Answer 33

takes a conscious effort

Question 34

implicit memory

Answer 34

no conscious effort

Question 35

declarative memory

Answer 35

facts and events

Question 36

procedural memory

Answer 36

how things are done (muscle memory)

Question 37

iconic memory

Answer 37

sensory memory, visual, brief

Question 38

working memory

Answer 38

reasoning and language comprehension

Question 39

phonological loop

Answer 39

rehearsing in your head

Question 40

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 40

forming a mental image

Question 41

central executive

Answer 41

distributes attention to different aspects of a task

Question 42

episodic buffer

Answer 42

retrieve information from long-term memory and combine it with information from the current context

Question 43

episodic memory

Answer 43

long-term, autobiographical event and it's context

Question 44

semantic memory

Answer 44

generic, categorical, meaning of words and concepts

Question 45

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 45

memory is best when encoded and retrieved in the same way

Question 46

proactive interference

Answer 46

past memories make encoding/retrieving new information difficult

Question 47

retroactive interference

Answer 47

formation of new memories makes retrieving old ones more difficult

Question 48

method of Loci

Answer 48

associate items with locations on a familiar path

Question 49

distortions of reconstructive memory

Answer 49

leveling (simplifying), sharpening (overemphasizing), assimilating (changing details to "fit better")

Question 50

engram

Answer 50

physical memory representation

Question 51

cerebellum

Answer 51

procedural memory, memories acquired by repetition

Question 52

straitum

Answer 52

habit formation, stimulus response connections

Question 53

cerebral cortex

Answer 53

sensory memory, sensory associations

Question 54

hippocampus

Answer 54

declarative memory, consolidation of spatial memories

Question 55

amygdala

Answer 55

formation/retrieval of memories, emotional connection

Question 56

sensorimotor (Jean Piaget)

Answer 56

0-2, object permanence, starts symbolic thought

Question 57

preoperational (Jean Piaget)

Answer 57

2-7, egocentrism and centration

Question 58

concrete operations (Jean Piaget)

Answer 58

7-11, understanding of conservation, can reason with visual representations

Question 59

formal operations (Jean Piaget)

Answer 59

11+, abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking

Question 60

Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages

Answer 60

``` 0-1: trust vs. mistrust 1-3: autonomy vs. self-doubt 3-6: initiative vs. guilt 6-adolescence: competence vs. inferiority adolescence: identity vs. role confusion young adult: intimacy vs. isolation adult: generativity vs. stagnation elderly: ego integrity vs. despair ```

Question 61

John Bowlby attachment theory

Answer 61

humans are predisposed to form attachments

Question 62

permissive parent

Answer 62

high response, low demand

Question 63

uninvolved parent

Answer 63

low response, low demand

Question 64

authoritarian parent

Answer 64

low response, high demand

Question 65

authoritative parent

Answer 65

high response, high demand