Exam 2 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Define temperament
Early emerging, basic dispositions in the domains of activity, affectivity, attention and self-regulation. These dispositions are the product of complex interactions among genetic, biological, and environmental factors across time.
Define Reactivity
Infant’s excitability and responsiveness
Define Regulation
What the infant does to control his/her reactivity (ie seek comfort from parent, wail and thrash, etc)
What is Goodness of Fit?
Interplay between infant temperament and parenting.
What is Resistant (anxious/ambivalent) attachment?
Related to inconsistency or unpredictability. Child appears unsure and anxious about themselves, their caregivers, and their situations.
What is avoidant attachment?
Generally related to inadequate care. Caregivers repeatedly fail to protect or nurture their children. Intrusive/excessively controlling care may contribute as well. Child appears emotionally distant, attempt to care for themselves or look to other people other than parents for play and comfort.
What is disorganized attachment?
Signals a pattern of care in which the caregiver is perceived as frightening, frightened, or malicious. May be observed in children who have experienced long or repeated separations from caregiver. Conflict centered on the caregiver who is experienced as both a source of comfort and a source of anxiety.
What is Pica?
Ingestion of no food substances such as paint, pebbles, or dirt.
What is Rumination?
Repeated regurgitation of food.
Define Sleep-Wake Disorders
Insomnia, disorders of arousal (sleep terrors/sleepwalking), and nightmare disorder.
What is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)?
An absence of attachment behaviours, failure to seek comfort when distressed, reduced social and emotional reciprocity, reduced positive emotion, increased negative emotion, poor emotion regulation. Rare and usually seen in children with very adverse experiences.
What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)?
Display lack of wariness, and inappropriate approach to strangers, and lack of physical and social boundaries.
What is Social Cognition?
A construct at the intersections of self and other, emotion & cognition, language & meaning. Refers to the many ways that people think about themselves and their social world.
What is Theory of Mind?
Ability to attribute mental states to others and to see others as “bodies animated by minds” Develops from infancy through late childhood and beyond. (Learn to follow another’s gaze, engage in pretend play, understand that another person can hold a different believe than oneself, comprehend jokes and irony).
What is Joint Attention?
Capacity to coordinate one’s visual attention with the attention of another person.
What is Affective Social Competence?
Coordination of the capacities to experience emotion, send emotional messages to others, and read other’s emotional signals.
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Characterized by deficits and significant impairments in 2 domains: social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviours and fixated interests. In DSM children must display 3 kinds of social and communication deficits, deficits in nonverbal communication during social interactions, and deficits in developing and maintaining relationships as well as 2 types of repetitive behaviours or fixated interests.
Define Social and Communication Deficits in relation to ASD
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, deficits in nonverbal communication during social interaction, deficits in developing and maintaining relationships.
Define Restricted/Repetitive Behaviours in relation to ASD.
Repetitive speech, motor movements, or use of objects. Excessive adherence to routines or ritualized patterns/resistance to change. (Rocking, hand flapping, twirling)
Define Fixated Interests in relation to ASD
Strong attachments to certain objects, but attachment is unusual.
What is Applied Behaviour Analysis (ASD)?
Intensive behavioural approach with high levels of control and direction of the child and his/her environment. Begins as early as possible and involved more than 40 hours of intervention per week for 2 or more years. Focus is first on decreasing negative behaviours and then on increasing language and peer interaction.
What is Executive Function?
Cognitive processes that underlie goal-directed behaviour and are orchestrated by activity within the prefrontal cortex. (Inhibition, working memory, and shifting)
What is Self-Regulation (ADHD)?
One’s own control of emotion, cognition, and behaviour. Actions taken to achieve future goals despite conflicting desires in the present.
What is Effortful Control (ADHD)?
Important mechanism of self-regulation. Delay-of-gratification abilities. “Marshmallow test” —> ability to delay gratification or willpower.
