Exam 2 Flashcards by Kaitlyn Nelson

what are the research designs that use an intervention? (3)

experimental
randomized controlled trials
quasi-experimental design studies

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what’s an example of a study that does not have an intervention but compares two groups of people?

observational study

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these are variables that can influence the outcome that weaken the link between the independent and dependent variable

confounding variables

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methods to control confounding variables from influencing outcomes of studies:

Randomization
crossover
homogeneity
matching
statistical control

“really controlling how mary studies”

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what’s the main way to get rid of bias?

“blinding”

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the more groups blinded in a study, the less _____ present in a study.

BIAS

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re: data collection, what is cross sectional design

one specific time

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re: data collection, what is longitudinal design

across extended period of time or multiple times

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study looking backwards

retrospective study

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is a retrospective study considered a primary or secondary study?

secondary

data has already been collected by someone other than researcher

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what is a study that’s looking forward called?

prospective cohort study

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between cause and effect, which is the independent variable and which is the outcome? relate cause and effect to PICO terms

cause: independent variable (things that’s changed) / pico: I
effect: outcome / pico: O

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3 traits to establish causal relationships

temporal
relationship
confounders

“threesomes rarely count”

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re: causal relationships, this trait requires a cause to precede an effect

temporal

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re: causal relationships, this trait requires an association to be shown between the cause + effect

relationship

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re: causal relationships, this trait requires it to be proven that the effect cannot be caused by a 3rd variable

confounders / confounding variable

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a randomized controlled trial (RCT) always has what components? (3)

intervention
control
participants chosen randomly

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re: RCTs, which design measures the outcome indicator before?

pre test (baseline data)

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re: RCTs, which design measures the outcome indicator after the intervention?

post test data

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how is randomization usually achieved?

computer programs

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what is this design: giving more than one treatment, but separate them out and use randomization to determine ordering

crossover design

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re: blinding, if education was provided in a ________ format, the researcher could be blinded to who the participants are

asynchronous

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re: experimental designs, what are the options for C in the PICO question? which is the most ethical?

current practice/ usual care
alternative treatment
placebo
attention control
delayed treatment (MOST ETHICAL)

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re: experimental designs, this is testing out two treatments for one outcome to see which one gets better results; is this ethical?

alternative treatment

YES it’s ethical since both treatments should benefit the patient

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re: experimental designs, this is when a treatment expected to have no effect to compare with the intervention

placebo

re: experimental designs, this is when the control group gets attention but not the intervention

attention control condition

re: experimental designs, this is giving both groups the intervention, but control group waits until later to get it

delayed treatment

what are the limitations to RCTs?

1. inability to test all interventions 2. inability to randomize certain variables 3. difficult to get admin approval to carry out a study

this study examines an intervention, but doesn't include randomization. a control group is not included etiher.

quasi-experimental study

in this study, the intervention is offered to everyone in a population

quasi-experimental

quasi-experimental studies may call the control group what?

the comparison group

what is one method to increase the reliability of results in a quasi-experimental study?

use a time-series design

this design collects data over an extended period, introducing an intervention and collecting data for a length of time

time-series design ex: recording data every quarter for a year, introducing an intervention, then recording data every quarter for the next year

what are the disadvantages of quasi-experimental studies?

1. less generalizability (increased bias) | 2. increased chance for confounding variables to influence results

this study is one in which an intervention is not introduced. what's an example?

non-experimental ex: observational

this type of research shows an association between 2 variables; does NOT show cause + effect

correlational research

this type of design begins with presumed cause and looks for presumed effect

cohort design/prospective study ex: gathering a group of adults who smoke, a group who doesn’t smoke, and comparing the incidence of lung cancer in both groups (ONLY ethical with non-experimental, not RCTs b/c unethical to randomly assign people to start smoking...lol)

this study involves starting with effect or outcome + looking retrospectively at patient data to observe for causative variables

case-control

this study observes the prevalence of something without determining a relationship or linking a cause

descriptive

can non-experimental studies be used to support a practice change?

no they can lead to educated recommendations, but not specific interventions

3 ways to reduce bias

1. blinding 2. randomization 3. using a script

a method of restricting a study to individuals who have the same confounding variables

homogeneity ex: if age was a confounding variable then participants could be restricted to a certain age range

developing a comparison group with the same confounding variables as the control group

matching | difficult with >2 variables

what are the 4 components of study validity?

1. statistical validity 2. internal validity 3. external validity 4. construct validity "ICES are valid"

statistical power relates to what?

sample size *the larger the sample size - the more powerful*

the extent it can be inferred that the independent variable causes the outcome

internal validity

which types of studies are more likely to face threats to internal validity?

quasi-experimental + correlational studies

the ability to apply the study findings to the general population (r/t validity)

external validity

what's the method to increase external validity?

multisite studies

what is the biggest weakness to construct validity?

lack of blinding *participants may be aware of intervention + can influence the outcome*

``` Which of the following is not a factor in establishing a causal relationship? A) Confounders B) Relationship C) Temporal D) Sample ```

D | this involves statistical power

``` Which of the following is true of a randomized controlled trial? A) Also known as observational study B) Uses a control group C) Researchers select the participants D) Retrospective ```

B RCT: intervention, control group, randomize participants, always primary studies

``` What is a method or intervention that quasi-experimental studies can use to increase the quality of the results if it does not use a comparison group? A) Time-series Design B) Increase sample size C) Randomization D) Identify confounding variables ```

A (collects data before and after intervention) quasi-experimental do not use randomization

``` Which of the following are methods to control a study? (Select all that apply). A) Heterogeneity B) Matching C) Randomization D) Script ```

B, C, D HOMOgeneity is used to control a study

``` What type of study collects data at multiple points or over an extended period of time? A) Observational B) Quasi-experimental C) Randomized Controlled Trial D) Longitudinal ```

this component of quantitative studies specifies how participants will be selected and how many to include

sampling plan | usually in method section

the # of people that participate or respond in a study compared to the # of people sampled

response rate *lower the response rate the weaker the results of the study + the greater chance for bias*

specifies the population characteristics allowed in a sample

eligibility criteria

when a certain population type is overrepresented or underrepresented in a sample

sampling bias

mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic

strata ex: A population could be nursing students. A strata could be nursing students in an accelerated BSN program. Other strata could be students in a traditional BSN program

what are the 4 types of nonprobability sampling?

1. Consecutive sampling 2. Purposive sampling 3. Convenience sampling 4. Quota sampling nonProbability = PCCQ

re: sampling, this selects elements by nonrandom methods in which every element does not have a chance to be included

nonprobability sampling

re: sampling, this selects the most conveniently available people as participants

convenience sampling ex: walters conducting a survey on this class

re: sampling, this uses strata information to figure out how to use a balanced sample

quota sampling ex: identifying the percentage of males and females in the population and using the same percentages in the chosen sample

re: sampling, this method recruits everyone from an accessible population over a period of time

consecutive sampling

re: sampling, this method has researchers handpick sample members based on traits in the population

purposive sampling

what samples are the most expedient and have the easiest time being utilized to make a study?

nonprobability samples

what are the 3 types of probability sampling?

1. Simple random sampling 2. Stratified random sampling 3. Systematic Sampling

this type of sampling involves random selection of elements from a population; each element has an equal chance of being selected

probability sampling

what is the most basic probability sampling and involves using a tool to randomly select elements from a sampling frame?

simple random sampling ex: walters using class roster and assigning a number for every student. then using a program to randomly select 5 numbers to be used for a survey

what is the term for the list of population elements?

sampling frame

this type of sampling divides the population into two strata and then randomly selects samples from both strata

stratified random sampling

this type of sampling chooses to select a specific number such as every 4th person to use in the sample

systematic sampling

which type of sampling method is the only viable method of obtaining a representative sample

probability sampling | "it's PROBabaly an S - simple random, systematic, stratified

what determines statistical power?

sample size *a large sample does not ensure accurate results if nonprobability sampling is used; a small sample will not support a conclusion even if the sampling is perfectly random*

the # of study participants

sample size

the method for researchers to determine how large a sample size should be

power analysis

participants responses to a researcher's questions (2)

1. self report data | 2. patient-reported outcomes

how is self report data collected?

interview or questionnaire

when self-reported interview data is collected with a formal written document verbally in person or by telephone

interview

when participants complete a form or survey themselves

questionnaire

these data collection methods are less costly, anonymous + advantageous for geographically dispersed samples

questionnaires

re: data collection, these types of questions allow for specific responses and allow the results to be comparable

close-ended questions ex: yes or no answers or using a likert scale from 0 to 10

re: data collection, these question types allow for varied responses + richer detail, but more difficult to compare the responses from different participants

open-ended questions

re: data collection, these are devices that assign a numeric score to people along a continuum

scales ex: likert scale

re: data collection, what type of scale includes ratings like "strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree, or always, sometimes, never, n/a"

likert scale

re: data collection, this type of scale measures subjective experiences such as pain or fatigue

visual analog scale ex: line drawn from left to right may have the left side marked 0 for no pain and the right side marked 10 for most pain -- participant can pick a spot along the continuum to represent their pain

re: data collection, these methods gather information about participants through observation.

observational methods

re: data collection, this system focuses on behaviors or events of interest to an observational study

category system

the instrument researchers use to record observations

the checklist

re: data collection, this describes when the observation period will occur

observational sampling

re: data collection, this type of sampling focuses on specific events

event sampling

re: data collection, this can observe the effect of an intervention on a patient through a physiologic response

biophysiologic measures

re: data collection, these are performed directly on the participant to obtain a value (ex: blood pressure)

in vivo measurements

re: data collection, this takes something from the participant and analyzes it (ex: blood draw to measure lab values)

in vitro measurements

re: data analysis, this involves assigning numbers to represent the amount of an attribute present in a person or object

measurement

re: data analysis, this involves an evaluation of the measure’s measurement properties (ex: in vitro and in vivo)

psychometric assessment

what 2 things are used to measure the effectiveness of a tool

reliability + validity

the extent to which scores are free from measurement error

reliability

re: data analysis, this provides the same measurement tool to the same person at two different points in time

test-retest reliability | test is reliable if scores are same or very similar

the degree to which an instrument measuring a concept is appropriate to measure

validity

re: validity, if an instrument looks like it measures the target construct

face validity

re: validity, the extent an instrument’s content adequately captures the construct

content validity

re: validity, the extent to which scores are a good reflection of an ideal measure of the construct

criterion validity

``` A researcher is investigating a population of nurses. Nurses are divided up into cardiac nurses and oncology nurses. What would cardiac nurses or oncology nurses represent? A) Strata B) Eligibility criteria C) Sampling bias D) Representative sample ```

``` A researcher collects data on patients in a labor and delivery unit over a two-month time frame. What type of sampling method is this? A) Quota sampling B) Purposive sampling C) Convenience sampling D) Consecutive sampling ```

``` Which of the following is a type of probability sampling? A) Convenience Sampling B) Consecutive Sampling C) Systematic Sampling D) Quota Sampling ```

``` What is an example of when a large sample size might not be an accurate representation of the population? A) a power analysis determines the size B) nonprobability sampling is used C) qualitative studies D) observational studies ```

``` Benefits of Questionnaires include which of the following? (Select all that apply). A) anonymity B) reach diverse geographical areas C) free from validity errors D) less costly than interviews ```

A B D

what are the general characteristics of qualitative research designs?

1. emergent design: evolves as the study goes on 2. flexibility 3. triangulation of data 4. holistic 5. ongoing data analysis

are qualitative studies experimental or nonexperimental?

nonexperimental UNLESS part of larger quantitative study

what is the one similarity between quantitative and qualitative research?

time frames both can be cross-sectional or longitudinal

these studies are able to reveal potential patterns or causal relationships

qualitative

description and interpretation of a culture and cultural behavior

ethnography | any group with a similar trait, ex: nursing students

process by which the ethnographer comes to understand a culture

fieldwork

re: ethnography, this perspective refers to the way a culture regards their world

emic | insider's view

re: ethnography, this perspective is the outsider's perspective of the cultures experience

etic

what are the 3 types of info ethnographers seek out?

1. cultural behavior 2. cultural artifacts 3. cultural speech "they BASk in the culture"

researcher making observations while participating in activities

participant observation

the study and analysis of the local or indigenous people’s viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care behavior and processes of designated cultures

ethnonursing research

seeks to understand people’s everyday life experiences

Phenomenology

these types of studies have a smaller sample size and involve in-depth conversations with individuals

Phenomenology

what are the 4 steps of descriptive phenomenology?

1. bracketing 2. intuiting 3. analysis 4. describing "descriptive phenomenology is BIAD"

re: descriptive phenomenology, this is the process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon understudy

bracketing *BEGIN THE STUDY WITH AN OPEN MIND - reflexive journal is a way to do this*

re: descriptive phenomenology this is remaining open to the meanings attributed to a phenomenon by those who have experienced it

intuiting

re: descriptive phenomenology, this involves extracting significant statements, categorizing, and making sense of essential meanings

analysis

re: descriptive phenomenology, this involves understanding and defining the phenomenon

describing

this type of phenomenology focuses on interpreting and understanding the human experience; who is the founder?

interpretive phenomenology (founder: Heidegger) "Hei, I'm digging into the phenomenology" *bracketing doesn't happen*

the art, philosophy and interpreting the meaning of an objective such as a test or work

Hermeneutics "hermen neu art and philosophy like the back of his hand"

what is the primary form of data collection with interpretive phenomenology?

in-depth interviews

what type of study will use words like bracketing, description, essence, and Husserl??

descriptive study

what type of study will use words like being-in-the-world, hermeneutics, understand, and Heidigger?

interpretive study

one key feature of grounded theory

core variable (main problem) + constant comparison

what is used to develop and refine theoretically relevant concepts and categories?

Constant comparison

grounded theory usually involves how many people?

20-30

how is data collected with grounded theory?

in-depth interviews and participant observation

systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past occurrences

historical research

what type of study is historical research?

retrospective + secondary

this type of qualitative study focuses on an entity which can be an individual, an institution, or other social unit

case study

this type of qualitative study focuses on the story that can be used to understand specific events and situations that require linking an inner world of needs to an external world of observable actions (da fuck?!)

narrative analyses

re: qualitative research, this theory focuses on raising consciousness in the hope of effecting social change with the goal of undermining oppressive systems

critical theory

re: qualitative research, this type works with vulnerable groups to produce knowledge about a problem, actions to be taken, empowerment, and consciousness raising

participatory action research

``` What is one similarity between quantitative and qualitative research designs? A) Blinding B) Control C) Randomization D) Time designs ```

D *both types can use cross sectional or longitudinal*

``` Which type of qualitative study design involves fieldwork? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded Theory D) Case studies ```

``` Which term is applicable to interpretive phenomenology? A) Bracketing B) Hermeneutics C) Intuiting D) Describing ```

B | bracketing, intuiting, describing = descriptive phenomenology

``` Which type of qualitative research focuses on a core variable? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded theory D) Narrative analysis ```

``` Which type of qualitative research method focuses on a single entity? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded Theory D) Case Studies ```

what is the primary goal for qualitative sampling?

figure out who would be an information-rich source for study

re: qualitative sampling, this includes volunteers to participate

convenience samples

re: qualitative sampling, this is having participants make referrals to people

snowball sampling / network sampling

re: qualitative sampling, this is where the researchers deliberately pick participants to find those that are information rich

purposive sampling

re: qualitative sampling these are cases that strengthen the credibility

confirming cases

re: qualitative sampling, this is when participants are selected as needed for relevance to the emerging theory discovered

theoretical sampling

the sample size for a qualitative study is based on what?

when data saturation occurs | no new info, or redundancy happens

re: qualitative studies, this refers to those knowledgeable about the culture and serve as the researcher’s main link to the inside

key informants

does phenomenology use a small or large sample size? how many?

SMALL (10 or less)

re: qualitative studies, what are the 2 principles for participants in a phenomenology sample?

1. ppl must have experienced the phenomenon | 2. they must be able to talk about what it's like to live that experience

~ how many people does grounded theory use for a sample?

20-30 ppl

this type of data is collected through interviews, observation, and can include inspecting relevant documents

qualitative data

what type of interview type is common in ethnographic + phenomenological studies?

unstructured interview | start broad/open-ended

these types of interviews have a written topic guide that the interviews use to ensure they asks questions about each topic throughout the interview.

semi-structured

these type of interviews gather 5-10 individuals to gather opinions at the same time

focus group *limitation: ppl are less forthcoming in a group*

re: data collection for qualitative studies, this uses photos to conduct an interview

Photoelicitation

re: data collection for qualitative studies, this involves the participants themselves taking pictures and interpreting them

photovoice

re: data collection for qualitative studies, this is when the researcher takes an active role in the conversation and seeks to observe, ask questions, and to record information

participant observation

what 2 tools would an observer use to collect data in observation study?

log + field diary

``` Which sampling technique involves having participants refer other individuals to be participants? A) Convenience B) Purposive C) Theoretical D) Snowball ```

``` What is the primary factor in determining the sample size in qualitative studies? A) Data saturation B) Power analysis C) Qualitative study technique D) Sampling technique ```

``` Which qualitative study type relies on key informants? A) Phenomenology B) Grounded Theory C) Ethnography D) Observational ```

``` Which type of data collection technique involves asking a broad general question and asking follow-up questions based on participants responses? A) Participant observation B) Unstructured interviews C) Focus group interviews D) Topic guided interviews ```

``` Which type of qualitative study type takes the longest time to conduct? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenological C) Grounded Theory D) Longitudinal ```

A | require getting into a group, participating in activities within a culture, etc

what is mixed methods research?

combo of quantitative + qualitative study elements in one study

what are the 3 general reasons to use mixed methods research?

1. complimentary 2. practicality 3. enhanced validity "when i'm feeling MIXED up, i PRACTICE giving COMPLIMENTS to myself to ENHANCE my VALIDITY"

re: mixed method research, which design is when quantitative + qualitative studies are occuring at the same time

concurrent

re: mixed method research, which design is having one study type finish before the second happens; or they occur in phases

sequential

re: mixed method research, what do all of these things mean: capitalized or lowercase quan, qual + >

capitalized QUAN or QUAL = that study was more significant lowercase quan or qual = less significant + happening together (concurrently) > phase 1, then phase 2

re: mixed method research nomenclature, how would convergent design be written?

QUAL + QUAN | both significant and happening at same time

re: mixed method research nomenclature, how would explanatory design be written?

QUAN -> qual or quan -> QUAL (quantitative study happens 1st)

re: mixed method research nomenclature, how would exploratory design be written?

QUAL -> quan or qual -> QUAN (qualitative study happens 1st)

what does the sample look like for mixed-method studies?

quantitative study: LARGE sample qualitative: nest / SMALL subset

data collection for mixed method studies is dependent on what?

the type of study

clinical trials are commonly used for what?

approving meds

what is focus of phase 1 of a clinical trial?

developing best treatment

what is focus of phase 2 of clinical trials?

testing the treatment for effectiveness in small group (pilot test)

what is focus of phase 3 of a clinical trial?

randomized controlled trial = intervention tested against comparison

what is focus of phase 4 of clinical trial?

studies effectiveness in general population

this type of research focuses on developing useful information about a program or policy

evaluation research

re: evaluation research, this seeks to understand what is the treatment, how is it different from traditional practices, what are the barriers to implementation, how do staff and patients feel about it, and in general how it functions

process analysis | uses mostly QUALitative data

re: evaluation research, this seeks to determine if an intervention is financially feasible

economic/cost analysis

re: mixed methods, this type of research does not seek to increase the body of research knowledge, but affirm or approve a potential quality improvement initiative (considered non-research-based)

evaluation research

re: mixed methods, this type of research involves the use of complex interventions (rather than 1 like a clinical trial)

nursing intervention research

re: mixed methods, this type of research examines how organizational structures and process, health technologies, social factors, and personal behaviors affect access to health care, the cost and quality of health care, and people’s health and well-being

health services research

re: mixed methods, this type of research focuses on examining the effect of healthcare on the outcome of patients

outcomes research | nursing sensitive outcomes used to help with this

re: mixed methods, this type of research obtains quantitative information about variables in a population (usually non-clinical)

survey research

how is data usually collected through survey research?

interviews and questionnaires

re: mixed methods, this type of research seeks to improve practices and processes within a specific organization

quality improvement studies | NON RESEARCH BASED

quality improvement studies follow what process?

Plan, Do, Study, Act

What makes a research study a mixed-methods study? A) uses both qualitative and quantitative data collection B) begins with one research design and shifts to one or more designs as the study progresses C) combines multiple quantitative research designs to answer one research question D) design focused on measuring multiple research questions with one method

``` Which type of study designation would be seen in a convergent study? A) QUAN -> QUAL B) QUAL -> QUAN C) QUAN + QUAL D) QUAL = QUAN ```

``` Which type of study design would occur first in an explanatory design? A) Phenomenological B) Grounded Theory C) Ethnographic D) Quasi-experimental ```

D D is quantitative study + quantitative studies come 1st with explanatory design A-C are qualitative studies

``` Which phase of a clinical trial focuses on pilot testing? A) Phase I B) Phase II C) Phase III D) Phase IV ```

``` What type of study design utilizes the plan-do-study-act process? A) Evaluation Research B) Clinical Trials C) Quality Improvement Studies D) Nursing Intervention Research ```

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this measurement is the lowest level and involves using numbers to designate attributes (ex: brown eyes 1, blue eyes 2, green eyes 3)

nominal

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this measurement ranks ppl based on an attribute (ex: ADLs: 4 = independent, 1 = completely dependent)

ordinal

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this measurement ranks people on attributes w/a # that specifies a distance between the 2 (ex: IQ test)

interval

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this measurement is the highest level + the numbers have a "meaningful zero" (ex: 200 lb person is twice the weight of a 100 lb person)....

ratio

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, what is used to synthesize + describe data

descriptive statistics

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, what are calculated values such as averages and percentages

parameters

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, what is a descriptive index from a sample

statistic

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this takes a list of values and organizes it lowest to highest and includes a count (ex: ten values + 5 of them were 80 - it would list 80 once and put a count of 5 and a percentage of 50%)

frequency distribution

what's the difference between normal distribution + skewed distribution?

normal: if graph was folded in half, the 2 halves would be superimposed (symmetrical appearance) *bell shaped* skewed: data peaks to one side

number that occurs most frequently in a distribution

mode

point in a distribution that divides scores in half

median

sum of all values divided by the number of participants

mean

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this is the method to determine a central value for a set of numbers.

central tendency

when measures of central tendency are the same for 2 different sets of distributions

variability

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, what is the average amount of deviation of values from the mean

standard deviation | lower = more homogenous distribution

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, what % of values will be within 1 standard deviation? what about 2 standard deviations?

1 SD = 68% | 2 SD = 95%

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this describes relationships between two variables

correlations

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this is the intensity and direction of the relationship between two variables

correlation coefficient - 1.0 --> 1.0 * 1.0 = perfect relationship*

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, what is the most widely used correlation statistic?

Pearson's r

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this is the proportion of people who experienced an undesirable outcome in each group

absolute risk

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this is a comparison of the two risks.

absolute risk reduction

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this estimates how many people need to receive an intervention to prevent one undesirable outcome

number needed to treat

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this uses the law of probability to test research hypotheses with data

inferential statistics

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this describes the standard deviation of the mean of a sample

standard error of the mean (SEM) | higher number = more error associated w/sample

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, what is the confidence interval goal for most researchers? (probability of being right)

95-99%

re: statistical analysis of quantitative data, this testing uses objective criteria to determine if the hypothesis is supported or rejected

hypothesis testing

no relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable

null hypothesis

A power analysis is calculated to determine the chance of what type of error? what is power analysis goal?

type 2 goal: 0.8 (means there is a 20% risk of type 2 error)

this means the results are not likely to be due to chance.

statistical significance (within 2 SD's of the mean + CI of 95% or greater)

what value determines if results are significant? what is the value?

p value < 0.05

this measures several independent variables

multiple regression

what are independent variables called in multiple regression?

predictor variables

what score indicates good content validity?

0.9 or higher

the ability of a measure to correctly screen or diagnose a condition

sensitivity

the measure’s ability to correctly identify non-cases or screen out those without the condition

specificity

``` Which level of measurement applies to IQ scores? A) Nominal B) Ordinal C) Interval D) Ratio ```

``` Which type of distribution is represented by a bell-curve? A) Frequency B) Skewed C) Symmetric D) Normal ```

``` What is the sum of all variables divided by the number of participants? A) Mean B) Mode C) Range D) Median ```

``` To be statistically significant what standard deviation value is needed with a normal distribution? A) < 1 B) within 2 C) 3-4 D) > 5 ```

``` Which value is best at establishing statistical significance? A) p B) Chi-squared C) t D) ANOVA ```

``` Which values are specific for calculating reliability? (Select all that apply). A) Cohen’s kappa B) Specificity C) Cronbach’s alpha D) Intraclass correlation coefficient ```

A, C, D | B: specificity is r/t validity

``` A test for strep throat has been developed. The test shows positive for every case of strep throat, but also shows positive for influenza. What is the best way to classify this test? A) Highly specific and highly sensitive B) Highly specific and low sensitivity C) Low specificity and highly sensitive D) Low specificity and low sensitivity ```

this is used by journals to use a systematic way to track journal participants

CONSORT guidelines

an example for this type of bias: if a study was to measure pain control, and some patients received an intervention that helped with pain that was not part of the study

contamination of treatment

an example for this type of bias: when study participants are not compliant with the intervention

noncompliance bias

an example for this type of bias: when members of a sample drop out of a study it hurts it

attrition bias

an example for this type of bias: when participants want to be in agreement and it skews the data

Acquiescence bias

an example for this type of bias: when the observer documents or records with personal bias influencing the interpretation of what is observed

observer bias

this is referring to whether they have genuine palpable effects on the daily lives of patients or on the health care decisions made on their behalf

clinical significance

this looks at alterations in a patient baseline to a follow-up value, such as weight, glucose, etc.

change score

individual level studies require what?

benchmark

what is the method used to define clinical significance?

minimal important change

``` What guidelines are used to track variations in a sample? A) CONSORT B) PRISMA C) JCAHO D) HCAPPS ```

``` Which factor is useful in determining group-level clinical significance? A) p B) Power analysis C) Minimal important change D) Number needed to treat ```

``` What is used to calculate individual-level clinical significance? A) t-test B) benchmark C) CONSORT D) chi-squared ```

Which of the following are methods to measure minimum individual change? (Select all that apply). A) using a 0.5 standard deviation threshold B) benchmark C) aiming for a 95% confidence interval D) having patient’s rate what is significant

A, B, D

re: qualitative analysis, this breaks down the data into categories for identification

coding scheme *coding process may occur multiple times + one narrative can apply to multiple codes*

re: qualitative analysis, this describes analyzing the content of narrative data to identify prominent themes and patterns among the themes

qualitative content analysis

re: qualitative analysis, when the researchers describe their interpretation of the content.

latent content

re: qualitative analysis, this is what the text actually says.

manifest content

re: ethnographic (qualitative) analysis, what are the 4 methods of Spradley

1. domain 2. taxonomic 3. componential 4. theme

re: ethnographic (qualitative) analysis, these are broad categories that represent units of cultural knowledge

domain analysis

re: ethnographic (qualitative) analysis, this a system of classifying and organizing terms

taxonomic analysis

re: ethnographic (qualitative) analysis, this is analyzing data for similarities and differences among cultural terms in a domain.

componential analysis "componential = compare"

re: ethnographic (qualitative) analysis, this is when cultural themes are uncovered and connected to domains to help provide a holistic view.

theme analysis

re: phenomenological analysis, this involves going back to the participants to validate the results? who is it associated with?

Confirmability — associated w / Colaizzi

re: phenomenological analysis, this person is the main phenomenologist + explored artistic works for themes

Van Manen

the goal for these types of analyses are to describe the essential nature of an experience through the identification of specific themes

phenomenological analysis

what are the 2 main methods of analyzing data for Grounded Theory? (People assiciated with)

Glaser and Strauss

**the grounded theory analysis slide was a bitch....

too lazy at this point. go back to ch. 16 slide 6 if you're feeling froggy.

``` When reading a qualitative research study, what term would describe a qualitative data analytic method? A) Chi-square B) Independent t-test C) Logistic regression D) Content analysis ```

D *others are quantitative*

``` What is narrative information in a qualitative study broken down into first? A) Constructs B) Theory C) Codes D) Themes ```

C then themes, then constructs + theories

``` Which style of qualitative analysis uses domain analysis? A) Qualitative Content Analysis B) Ethnography C) Phenomenology D) Grounded Theory ```

``` Which phenomenologist analyzes artistic works in their analytical methods? A) van Manen B) Colaizzi C) Heidegger D) Giorgi ```

A Colaizzi: go back to participants to verify findings Heidegger: something about a circle lol

``` What method is present in all areas of grounded theory analysis? A) selective coding B) conceptual description C) paradigm development D) constant comparison ```

re: qualitative studies, this is the measure of truth in the data and how it is interpreted

credibility

re: qualitative studies, this is the ability of the study findings to be repeated in similar circumstances

dependability | if not dependable, it's not credible

re: qualitative studies, this is making sure the data reflects the participants view or voice rather than the researcher’s

confirmability

re: qualitative studies, this is the ability for the results to be applied or assumed for other settings

transferability

re: qualitative studies, this is the ability for readers to get a true sense of a participant’s lived experience; reflects the ability of the researchers to faithfully show a range of different realities.

authenticity

re: qualitative studies, this is the investment of sufficient time collecting data to have an in-depth understanding of the culture, language, ore views of the people or group under study

prolonged engagement | builds rapport with patient to get rich info

re: qualitative studies, this refers to researcher’s focus on the characteristics or aspects of a situation that are relevant to the phenomena being studied

persistent observation

re: qualitative studies, this is the ability of a researcher to be mindful of their own bias on collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

reflexivity | clearest strategy to address researcher bias - journaling is a way to practice this

re: qualitative studies, data triangulation uses which 3 factors?

time, space + person

re: qualitative studies, this is creating a collection of raw data, methodological notes, topic guides, and drafts created by the researcher. The goal is to allow another investigator to assess the data and draw conclusions.

aduit trail

``` What component is required in qualitative research to claim a study is credible? A) Confirmability B) Authentiticy C) Transferability D) Dependability ```

``` What is a strategy used in qualitative research to reduce bias? A) Prolonged engagement B) Reflexive journaling C) Persistent observation D) Audit trail ```

``` What process in qualitative research involves checking that the themes are congruent with the participant’s beliefs? A) Member check B) Triangulation C) Reflexivity D) Persistent Observation ```

``` What strategy in a qualitative study involves getting multiple researchers for data collection, coding, and analysis? A) Inquiry audit B) Investigator triangulation C) Negative case analysis D) Peer debriefing ```

Which technique helps establish researcher credibility in qualitative research? A) Investigator Triangulation with at least three researchers B) Audit Trail conducted before two inquiry audits C) Peer debriefing with at least five peers D) Including information about the researcher in the study

this Integrates research from multiple sources

systematic review

what is the most known place systematic reviews can be found?

Cochrane Collaboration

Systematic review with meta-analysis is found with which type of study?

quantitative

Systematic review with meta-synthesis is found with which type of study?

qualitative | Synthesis = Subjective

re: meta-analysis, this is used to determine the relationship between variables across multiple studies

effect size

the question for a meta-analysis should be ____ or ______

narrow or focused

what is a factor assessed to determine if a meta-analysis is appropriate

statistical heterogeneity (are the results conflicting between different studies on the same research question?) **if they have conflicting results, it's NOT appropriate to use a meta-analysis**

this collects data from multiple studies and analyzes themes

metasynthesis - multiple qualitative studies

``` What component is used in types of systematic reviews to measure the impact of the independent variable? A) Sample B) Research Design C) Effect Size D) Outcome ```

When would it not be appropriate to use a meta-analysis? A) multiple studies have a similar research question B) good quality studies with conflicting results C) mostly primary research studies related to the phenomenon D) Cohen’s d can be easily calculated

``` What is a risk that can occur in a meta-analysis if the study excludes articles are that are not peer-reviewed? A) Intrinsic bias B) Reduced validity C) Publication bias D) Reduced reliability ```

``` What technique is used to display the effect sizes of multiple studies to assess if it is appropriate to do a meta-analysis? A) Forest plot B) Cohen’s d C) Odd’s Ratio D) Pearson’s r ```

What is different about the research design for a metasynthesis versus a meta-analysis? A) focus on primary research studies B) researchers same as those of studies included C) calculate effect size for data analysis D) begin with a focused research question