Exam #2 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
______ provided a major arena for the _____ _____ debate in the 1970s and 1980s.
A
Sociobiology, nature-nurture
2
Q
______ is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors,
A
phenotype
3
Q
Genes can’t behave without an ______
and environments have no behavior without
_______.
A
environment, genes
4
Q
What is in the nucleus of the cell?
A
Chromosomes
5
Q
What are genes made up on?
A
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
6
Q
Function of DNA?
A
Code for synthesis proteins.
7
Q
What is DNA?
A
the genetic instructions for the biological structure of all cells
8
Q
Name the major parts of a cell…
A
chromosomes are in the nucleus of the cell. inside chromosome are genes. inside genes are DNA
9
Q
Two or more alternative forms of the same gene
A
alleles
10
Q
diploid animals have ____ alleles per trait
A
2
11
Q
2 of the same alleles (SS, ss)
A
Homozygous
12
Q
2 different alleles (Ss)
A
Heterozygous
13
Q
single copy of allele is necessary
A
Dominant:
14
Q
SS
A
Homozygous dominant:
15
Q
Ss
A
– Heterozygous dominant: Ss
16
Q
Recessive:
A
2 copies of allele are necessary
17
Q
homozygous recessive
A
ss
18
Q
genetic makeup is
A
genotype
19
Q
observable traits of an org
A
phenotype
20
Q
example of mendelian genetics
A
satellite males SS or Ss don’t have their own territory. get leftovers from other independent Males. and independent males ss has their own terrotry and defends it . this mating strategy results in one gene that influences the outcome of the birds.
21
Q
satellite males
A
SS or Ss
22
Q
Independent males
A
ss
23
Q
**review mendelian genetics slide
A
in first mod
24
Q
change in the structure of dna
A
mutation
25
movement of genes from one pop to another
gene flow
26
the crossing over of chromosome pieces during cell division
sexual reproduction
27
example of a cross fostering experiment
great egret and blue heron egg swap. is the other bird aggressive now that it grew up elsewhere? genes vs environment?
28
Whats a FAP?
Fixed Action Pattern
29
definition of a FAP
Stereotyped motor response
initiated by specific environmental cues or stimuli
(sign/releasing stimuli)
30
a FAP can continue to completion without ____ _____ ______ _____
input from external stimuli
ex: that damn goose pushing the egg
31
what are the 3 reqs to be a FAP
1. Stereotyped within an individual & across the species
2. It is not learned, BUT some can improve with experience
3. Must survive in an isolation experiment
32
what does IRM stand for
Innate releasing mechanism
33
what's a IRM
Neural network/mechanism within an animal that
responds to environmental stimuli producing a preprogrammed
stereotyped species specific behavior
(FAP).
34
Stimulus adequate to activate/trigger a releasing
| mechanism, setting in motion the FAP.
sign/releasing stimulus (releaser)
35
what are the 2 parts to the greylag goose FAP
1-motor component-roll egg b/t legs
| 2-steering component-roll toward nest
36
supernormal stimulus
causes a bigger/quicker reaction. big ass egg. many red dots on beak . increased ability to trigger the response
37
talk about the herring gull FAP
the red beaks
38
what happened with the stickleback FAP
male fish tries to attack female fish that enters his territory, if she does not flee and instead displays her abdomen with eggs, he begins courtship with a zig zag dance. they go back and forth. instructs her to enter his nest. her presence there causes him to prod her snout and release eggs.she swims out, he fertilizes the eggs. he then chases her away. bus as usual. mates with 3-5 and guards the eggs. chain of reaction.
39
What does Lorenz Hydraulic model represent
the motivation level of the animal
40
label the parts of the hydraulic model
tap.(pouring the water in)
reservoir (holding water)
valve (where water goes out) - irm
action specific energy (motivation) - the water.
spring they have to pull out.
FAP-the water coming out.
sign.stimulus releaser-the weight in the pan
41
What are some results of FAPs going wrong
brood parasitism and code breaking
42
brood parasitism
ex: cuckoo bird drops her egg into the nest of another species of bird who has recently laid eggs. the other bird raises the cuckoo and the baby cuckoo pushes other eggs out of the nest. the step mom is led to feed the bird by the annoying call. relying on others to raise your young.
43
imprinting
learning that occurs at a critical period during development
44
ability of an org to produce diff phenotypes in response to environmental cues (temp, nutrition, etc)
phenotype plasticity
45
ex. of phenotype plasticity
Mexican spadefoot toad tadpoles have 2 morphs. 1-carnivorus 2-omnivourous. depends on the diet. are there shrimp present or nah
46
talk about the bird song exp
here
47
what is code breaking
method by which certain animals gain a leg up on their competition by adapting the behavior of another species.
48
process by which permanent or long lasting changes in behavior are acquired as a result of experience
learning
49
allows rate of learning to be quantified
learning curve
50
what are the 2 different forms of learning
associative and non associative
51
what are the types of non associative learning (single stimulus response)
habituation and sensitization
52
classical condition and operant conditioning fall under what type of learninf
associative
53
gradual decrease of a response resulting from repeated presentations of a stimulus
habituation
54
sensitization
enhanced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus (horse and the hot clippers)
55
what was pavlov originaly studying
digestion in dogs
56
What is conditioning
a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
57
what happens after conditioning
the Neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus and we call the resins to this the conditioned response
58
explain classical cond
1-UCS naturally elicits an UCR
2-UCS gets paired with NS
3-causes the animal to respond to the NS as if it were the UCS
4-therefore, the NS is now a CS which elicits a CR
59
operant conditioning also called
instrumental
60
occurrence of a stimulus causes animal to change the freq of its behavior in order to change the freq of the stimulus
operant conditioning
61
what was thorndikes law of effect
the association b/t a stimulus & response will be strengehtned if the resins is followed by a satisfying event and vice versa
62
what is the diff in classical conditioning and operant conditioning
classical form associations between stem (CS & US), while operant forms an association b/t behaviors and consequences
63
who felt that behavior is followed by consequence and the consequence modifies the tendency to repeat the behavior in the future
BF Skinner
64
what are the 2 consequences
reinforcement and punishment
65
causes the prob of a behavior to increase
reinforcement
66
punishment
causes the prob of a behavior to decrease
67
the 2 kinds of stimuli are
appetitive and aversive
68
things that are please and rewarding
appetitive stim
69
aversive stim
things that are unpleasant painful or irritating
70
when behavior is followed by the addition of an appetitive stimulus causing the behavior to increase
positive reinforcement (rat pressing lever for food)
71
_____ is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding close and closer approximations of the desired behavior
shaping
72
what type of consequence does shaping use
positive reinforcement
73
behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus causing the behavior to increase in freq
negative reinforcement (rat presses lever to stop getting shocked)
74
positive punishment
behavior followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus causing the behavior to decrease (rat presses lever and gets shocked)
75
```
negative punishment (When a rat presses
a lever all food is taken away)
```
behavior is followed by the removal of
an appetitive stimulus causing the
behavior to decrease
76
occurrence of the behavior chart
increase or decrease
77
what is Taste aversion (Garcia effect):
associating the taste of
a certain food with symptoms caused by toxic, spoiled, or
poisonous substance
78
3 rules of taste adversion
1. Association occurs in a single trial
2. Duration between the NS & the US can be long
3. Adaptive value of the items being paired can
influence conditioning.
79
biological constraints
Built-in limits in the
| ability to learn particular behaviors
80
ex of biological constraints
raccoons trained with food to put money in bank but eventually stop and just rub money between paws to see if it is edible
81
tendency for an org to revert to instinctive behavior
instinctive deft (raccoons and the coins)
82
When an animal attempts a series of solutions to a
problem, eliminating possible solutions that do not
work.
trial and error learning
83
what does trial and error learning help with/allow
Allows learning of optimal responses
| – Animal learns behavior that is reinforced by the solution
84
extinction
when the UCS or reinforcer (or punisher) is removed, there is a decrease in the response are
85
responses acquired under ______ ______ reinforcement take longer to extinguish
intermittent reinforcment
86
why do we see variation in the length of time that associations last?
Fail to consider ecology of the species & if natural
| selection may have shaped an optimal memory span.
87
sooo optimal memory? (forager bees example)
forager bees remember location and amount of food in a patch.
88
exp about group living vs solitary doves> ex. of evolution of learning
```
Had to learn how to open feeding
device in the lab
– Group living doves learned task
more quickly than territorial
– More difficult the task, greater
difference between populations
• More competition for food when
living in a group
– natural selection may favor
learning in these doves
```
89
ex of evolution of learning_ stickleback fish. talk about it
predator rich vs predator free pops . trained to assoc side of tank with food and then with predator
90
what are some things that animals can learn
```
Learn where to live, what to eat
• Learn about predators
• Learn about Mate
– Associate cues (odor) with mating
opportunities
• Learn about familial relationships
(Who is kin?)
– Learn calls of kin
• Learn about aggression
– Winner/loser effects
```
91
culture is the transfer of info from individual to individual via
social learning and teaching
92
modified def of culture
A system of
information transfer that affects an
individual’s phenotype/behavior.
93
social learning
One animal models the behavior that a
| second animal picks up (potato washing in the Japanese macaques) also nut cracking in chimps
94
what degrees of social learning do not equal cultural transmission
local enhancement and social facilitation
95
local enhancement
attention is directed to a place where individuals are (Webster and hart exp?) this type of learning doesn't lead to culture
96
social facilitation
presence of another animal regardless of what its doing facilitates learning by increasing motivation or activity level (ex?) individuall learning that happens to take place in a group
97
observational cond
response of a demonstrator (fear to sn..) acts as unconditioned stimulus (ups), eliciting a matching response ( fear to sn..) in observer
98
observer attempts to reproduce end result of demonstrators behavior or goal rather than copying
goal emulation (monkey with the puzzle box that was see through )
99
observer copes the exact behavior of a model resulting in the achievement of the same response/goal
imitation
100
one rule of imitation
behavior must be novel-not already present in the observers behavioral bag
101
copying
behavior that occurs when observer repeats the actions of a model .. copier is often related for whatever behavior it has copied (model mouse being bitten by stable fly and hiding in debris while observer mouse watches. 24 hours later-observer mouse does the same when he sees fly)
102
what is the diff b/t copying and imitation and goal emulation
when animals copy each other, an observer repeats the behavior of a model
imitation requires that the behavior copied is novel
goal emulation does not req that the model behavior is copied, just that the end goal is the same
103
imitation ex
bird observes bird pressing blue lever for food. money trying to get into puzzle box with taps and etc
104
great tits opening milk containers to get milk is an example of
here
105
teaching
The behavior of the model animal changes
in the presence of a ‘student’ to facilitate
the student learning the behavior.
106
2 exs. of teaching
orcas showing young how to wave hunt, meerkats showing young how to eat scorpions
107
what are three reqs for teaching
```
1. Must provide an immediate benefit to
student and not the teacher
2. Must teach only na ve students
3. Must give new information to students
faster than they would have received it
on their own
```
108
how do the meerkats meet the teaching req
1-spend significant time monitoring pups after presenting them with food
2-retrieve prey when pups lose their food
3-further modify scorpion
4-nudge pups reluctant to eat scorpions (increasing prob that pups will eat scorpion initially rejected)
109
how is culture transmitted
| 3 ways
vertical trans (parent to offspring via teaching or social learning), horizontal trans (peer to peer), oblique trans (adult other than parent to younger individual)
110
vertical trans ex
sponging behavior in bottlenose dolphin of Shark Bay Australia
111
if a trait is ________ we would expect to see it in multiple pops of a species
genetic
112
if a trait is from ______ it arises in one pop, initially by trial and error, then spreads. you may not see this behavior in other pops
culture
113
do genes and culture often interact
yes
114
nature school of thought
studies emphasized the roles of instinct, fixed patterns of behavior, and influence of evolution on behavior
115
who led the sociobiology school of thought
eo wilson
116
separating the effect of rearing environment from genetic/instinctive influences on behavior
cross fostering (transferring newly hatched to anther nest. switch a roo)
117
genetic info is molded across generations by _______, learn info is molded during each ______ ________
evolution, animal's lifetime l
118
loss of response to a stimulus
habituation
119
lack of response to strong odors is more an ex of
sensory adaptation
120
increase in responsiveness to a stimuli due to experience with it
sensitization
121
behavior that results in a consequence that can be learned
operant
122
ease of conditioned learning is often dictated by
importance or relevance of the events to the animals ev history and ecological conditions
123
____ always decreases behavior
punishment
124
______ always increased behavior
reinforcement
125
the most successful training includes
positive reinforcement
126
the greylag goose is going to push that egg back to her nest, even if the egg is removed mid roll. she has to compete the FAP
FAP ex.
127
baby gull pecking the red dot on the parent beak
triggers the parent to regurgitate their food to feed the baby
128
Tinbergen did FAP experiment where herring gull chicks were presented with different stimuli to see if it would peck
hull exp
129
IRM example
sticklebacks becoming territorial and aggressive at the sign of a red bottomed male.. or a red anything really
130
aversion ex
wolf getting sick off the sheep
131
think of the IRM like this..
release sign/stim> IRM (brain)> FAp (motor response)
