Exam 2

Question 1

List the order of RBC maturation

polychromatic normoblast
pronormoblast
BFU-E
erythrocyte
reticulocyte-BM
CFU-E
orthochromic normoblast
reticulocyte-PB
basophilic normoblast

Answer 1

BFU-E- burst forming unit- rise to large colonies
CFU-E- colony forming units- rise to smaller colonies
pronormoblasts
basophilic normoblast
polychromatic normoblast
orthochromic normoblast
reticulocyte-BM
reticulocyte-PB
Erythrocyte

Question 2

What are the 5 rules of maturation

Answer 2

size of cell decreases
N:C ratio decreases
nuclear chromatin becomes coarser, clumped, condensed
nucleoli disappear
cytoplasm changes blue to grey blue to pink

Question 3

How many divisions are there in the erythrocyte cell line

Answer 3

there are usually 3 or up to 5

Question 4

How many RBCs are formed from 1 pronormoblast

Answer 4

8 to 32

Question 5

What stages of RBC precursors are capable of division/ mitosis

Answer 5

pronormoblast to polychromatic normoblast

Question 6

No nucleus, mostly pink but still a blue tinge, non biconcave, irregular shape, in BM for 1-2 days then in periferal blood

Answer 6

polychromatic / reticulocyte

Question 7

No nucleus, biconcave disk, only in peripheral blood, salmon pink color

Answer 7

erythrocyte

Question 8

What is the blue tinge in retics?

Answer 8

residual ribosomes and RNA

Question 9

Nucleus, dark blue colors, can undergo miotsis, present only in BM

Answer 9

NRBC

Question 10

What does EPO do?
Where is it produced
What stimulates it

Answer 10

triggers RBC production
the kidney
stimulated by hypoxia

Question 11

what are the 3 major effects of EPO

Answer 11

allowing early release of reticulocytes from the BM
preventing apopototic cell death
reducing the time needed for cells to mature in BM

Question 12

Intravascular vs Extravascular

Answer 12

intra-macrophage mediated- more common
extra-damage due to external factors

Question 13

What is the purpose of the Emben Meyerhof pathway

Answer 13

glycolysis
RBC enters Glut-I-> pyruvate to pyruvic acid -> 4ATP generated per glucose mol

Question 14

Through which transmembrane protein does glucose enter the RBC?

Answer 14

Glut I

Question 15

What is the initial substrate of anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 15

glucose

Question 16

What is the final products of anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 16

lactate and NAD

Question 17

What are the 3 alternative pathways/ shunts to glycolysis

Answer 17

hexose monophosphate shunt
methemoglobin reductase pathway
rapoport leubering pathway

Question 18

What is the action of the pentose phosphate shunt

Answer 18

Hexose monophosphate-detoxifies peroxide which arises from O2 reduction

Question 19

What is the purpose o the hexose monophosphate pathway

Answer 19

extends life of RBCs, denatures unneeded proteins and lipids

Question 20

How much G6P is diverted to HMP

Answer 20

5-10%

Question 21

What is the action of the methemoglobin reductase pathway

Answer 21

methemoglobin is reduced to methemoglobin reductase

Question 22

Explain what happens with peroxide iron in the methemoglobin reductase pathway

Answer 22

peroxide oxides heme iron from the ferrous to the ferric state

Question 23

Explain what happens with methemoglobin in the methemoglobin reductase pathway

Answer 23

hg bound to ferric iron

Question 24

What is the action of Rapoport leubering pathway

Answer 24

Generates 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate 2.3 BPG

Question 25

What is the purpose Rapoport- Leubering pathway

Answer 25

enhances O2 delivery to tissues

Question 26

Utilizes glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD)

Answer 26

Hexose monophosphate pathway

Question 27

Hexokinase generates glucose-6-phosphate and ADP from glucose and ATP

Answer 27

Embden meyerhof

Question 28

Generates 2,3-BPG

Answer 28

Rapaport

Question 29

Utilizes an enzyme that reduces ferric iron to ferrous iron

Answer 29

Methemoglobin

Question 30

Leads to an ATP deficit

Answer 30

Rapaport

Question 31

Detoxifies peroxide

Answer 31

hexose monophosphate

Question 32

What is the function of transmembrane proteins

Answer 32

transport sites, adhesion sites, signaling receptors

Question 33

What are the 2 major macromolecular complexes formed by transmembrane proteins

Answer 33

Ankyrin complex actin junctional complex

Question 34

List the transmembrane proteins

Answer 34

aquaporin I Band 3 Ca2+ ATPase Duffy Glut-I Glycophorin A Glycophorin B Glycophorin C

Question 35

Duffy

Answer 35

transmembrane

Question 36

Glut-I

Answer 36

transmembrane

Question 37

Glycophorin A B and C

Answer 37

transmembrane

Question 38

Ca2+ ATPas

Answer 38

transmembrane

Question 39

Band 3

Answer 39

transmembrane

Question 40

Aquaporin I

Answer 40

transmembrane

Question 41

What are the principal cytoskeleton proteins

Answer 41

alpha spectrin and beta spectrin

Question 42

What is the cytoskeleton morphology

Answer 42

hexagonal lattice

Question 43

What is the function of cytoskeletal proteins

Answer 43

provides lateral/ horizontal membrane stability spectrin stability membrane deformation

Question 44

What substances is the RBC membrane impermeable to

Answer 44

Na+, K, Ca

Question 45

What substances is the RBC membrane permeable to

Answer 45

HCO3

Question 46

What are the 2 progenitor cells from which leukocytes arise

Answer 46

CMP (CFUGEMM) CLP

Question 47

List the order of maturation for myeloid precursors from blast to segmented neutrophil

Answer 47

myeloblast promyelocyte myelocyte metamyelocyte Band neutrophil

Question 48

Large, slightly basophilic cytoplasm, azurophilic granules darker chromatin, purple cytoplasm

Answer 48

myeloblasts

Question 49

largest, round to oval, paranuclear halo "hof" cytoplasm is basophilic, azurophilic granules chromatin is clumping, heterochromatin may be visible

Answer 49

promyelocyte

Question 50

Dawn of neutrophilia, secondary pinker granules, primary dark purple granule eccentric nucleus, flat edge

Answer 50

myelocyte

Question 51

Kidney shape, no nucleoli, little to no basophilia, chromatin is more clumped

Answer 51

metamyelocytes

Question 52

nucleus is indented but not segmented no basophilia, tertiary granules highly clumped chromatin

Answer 52

band

Question 52

nucleus is indented but not segmented no basophilia, tertiary granules highly clumped chromatin

Answer 52

band

Question 53

2-5 nuclear lobes

Answer 53

neutrophil

Question 54

Many primary granules

Answer 54

pro

Question 55

large, visible nucleoli

Answer 55

blast

Question 56

largest cell in neutrophil maturation

Answer 56

pro

Question 57

dawn of neutrophilia

Answer 57

myelocyte

Question 58

last stage capable of mitosis. For neutrophils

Answer 58

myelo

Question 59

What is the percentage of these cells in blood band meta myelo pro blast neutrophil

Answer 59

band- 0-5% meta- none myelo- none pro-none blast- none neut- 50-70%

Question 60

What is diapedesis

Answer 60

when neutrophils leave the blood and enter the tissues

Question 61

What is neutrophils lifespan when there is inflammation/ infection? When there is not?

Answer 61

-present-extended -absent- a few hours

Question 62

What are the major functions of neutrophils

Answer 62

phagocytosis and destruction

Question 63

What are the steps of extravasation/ diapedesis put in order and explain aadhere crawl roll active transmigration

Answer 63

chemotactic agents bind to neutrophil neutrophil rolls along endothelial cells adhesive mols adhere to endothelial cells active crawling toward site of migration transmigration between endothelial cells

Question 64

What are the steps of phagocytosis put in order and explain attachment kill recognition digest

Answer 64

recognition attachment kill digest

Question 65

bilobed nucleus, refractile orange red secondary granules

Answer 65

eosinophil

Question 66

What is the normal percentage of eosinophils in the blood

Answer 66

1-3%

Question 67

blue-black secondary granules, slightly condensed chromatin, blue cytoplasm,

Answer 67

basophils

Question 68

How many basophils are normally in peripheral blood

Answer 68

0-2%

Question 69

largest normal WBC, ground glass indented nucleus vacuoles

Answer 69

macrophage

Question 70

What is the normal amount of monocytes in peripheral blood

Answer 70

2-11%

Question 71

What type of immunity do B T and NK cells give

Answer 71

B-humoral T and NK cellular

Question 72

What is the normal amount of lymphs in blood

Answer 72

18-42%

Question 73

What do B lymphs turn into? What do basophils turn into What do T cells turn into

Answer 73

B- plasma cell basophil- mast cell T-CD4 or CD8, memory

Question 74

Where does antigen independent lymphoid development occur and dependent

Answer 74

independent primary organs dependant- secondary

Question 75

What causes reactive atypical lymphs

Answer 75

viral infections

Question 76

What is the function of B lymphs T lymphs NK cells

Answer 76

B- antibody production T- pathogen response NK- virus and cancer infected cells

Question 77

small, chromatin arranged in blocks, nucleolus very rare

Answer 77

lymphs

Question 78

List the order of maturation for platelets

Answer 78

BFU-Meg CFU-Meg LD-CFU-Meg endomitosis MK-I megakaryoblast MK-II promegakaryocyte MK-III megakaryocyte

Question 79

What is endomitosis? Which cell can do this

Answer 79

mitosis without telophase an cytokenesis (separation into daughter cells) multiple DNA copies synthesize cytoplasm, differentiates into platelets LD-CFU-Meg

Question 80

Describe MK I

Answer 80

megakaryoblast blebs alpha granules demarcation system (delineates platelets during thrombopoiesis)

Question 81

Describe MK II

Answer 81

promegakaryocytes lobular nuclei, indentation reaches full ploidy

Question 82

Describe MK III

Answer 82

very large intensely lobulated this is where thrombopoiesis occurs azurophilic cytoplasm- lavender color

Question 83

What are the steps of platelet shedding

Answer 83

DMS dilates -> bundles of tubules -> proplatelet process develop -> processes pierce through between endothelial cells into the venous blood -> transverse constrictions appear through processes -> platelets are broken off / shed

Question 84

Put the steps in order processes pierce through between endothelial cells into the venous blood platelets are broken off / shed proplatelet process develop transverse constrictions appear through processes DMS dilates bundles of tubules form

Answer 84

DMS dilates -> bundles of tubules -> proplatelet process develop -> processes pierce through between endothelial cells into the venous blood -> transverse constrictions appear through processes -> platelets are broken off / shed

Question 85

What is TPO and where is it produced

Answer 85

in the liver hormone that stimulates platelet differentiation

Question 86

Acts with TPO to induce early differentiation of stem cells

Answer 86

IL-3

Question 87

Act with TPO to enhance endomitosis, megakaryocyte maturation, and thrombocytopoiesis

Answer 87

IL-6 IL-11

Question 88

Other cytokines and hormones that work with TPO

Answer 88

Stem cell factor (kit ligand) GM-CSF G-CSF

Question 89

Cytokines and hormones that INHIBIT megakaryocyte growth

Answer 89

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) β-thromboglobulin Neutrophil activating peptide 2 IL-8

Question 90

What are reticulated platelets

Answer 90

stress platelets appear to compensate for thrombocytopenia

Question 91

circular to irregular, lavender and granular, clear or slightly blue-grey cytoplasm, biconvex

Answer 91

platelet

Question 92

Outer layer plasma phospholipids

Answer 92

phosphatidycholine sphingomyelin

Question 93

Innter cytoplasm layer phospholipids

Answer 93

phosphatidylinositol phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidylserine

Question 94

What are the 3 steps of platelet activation

Answer 94

adhesion aggregation secretion