exam 2 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
the ongoing interdependent relationship within which individuals create society through our actions and, at the same time, become products of the society we construct
A
social construction of reality
2
Q
what does peter berger and thomas luckman’s three-step model include?
A
constructing culture
constructing self
constructing society
3
Q
everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other
A
culture
4
Q
structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction
A
society
5
Q
common practices and beliefs shared by all societies
A
cultural universals
6
Q
what are the common denominators shared by cultures found by george murdock
A
sports
division of labor
funeral rites
marriage
7
Q
systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior
A
sociobiology
8
Q
what do sociobiologists argue?
A
that our biology and genes play an important role in explaining our thoughts and actions
9
Q
process by which a cultural item spreads within and between societies
A
diffusion
10
Q
what accelerates the diffusion and transmission of culture?
A
mass media
the internet
immigration
tourism
11
Q
what are the three primary types of culture?
A
material
cognitive
normative
12
Q
the natural environment to suit our purposes
A
material culture
13
Q
a form of culture in which humans convert natural resources into tools to accomplish practical ends
A
technology
14
Q
the general principle that technological innovation occurs more quickly than does our capacity to perceive, interpret and respond to that change
A
cultural lag
15
Q
our mental and symbolic representations of reality
A
cognitive culture
16
Q
system of shared symbols; includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and communication
A
language
17
Q
the structure and vocabulary of the language someone uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions
A
sapir-whorf hypothesis
18
Q
collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable, and improper-in a culture
A
values
19
Q
the ways in which we establish, abide by, and enforce principles of conduct
A
normative culture
20
Q
establish standards of behavior maintained by a society
A
norms
21
Q
norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
A
mores
22
Q
norms governing everyday behviors
A
folkways
23
Q
norms that generally have been written down and specify strict punishments for violators
A
formal norms
24
Q
formal norms enforced by the state
A
laws
25
generally understood norms but not precisely recorded
informal norms
26
the guidelines for behavior that people agree should be followed
ideal norms
27
rules of conduct generated from people's actual behavior
real norms
28
penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
sancions
29
positive sanctions examples
pay raises
medals
words of gratitude
30
negative sanction examples
fines
threats
imprisonment
stares of contempt
31
segment of society that shares distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society
subculture
32
specialized language used by members of a group or subculture
argot
33
subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
counterculture
34
feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices
culture shock
35
set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimate existing powerful social, economic, and political interests
dominant ideology
36
capitalist society has dominant ideology that serves interests of ruling class
marx
37
the dominant ideology works to reinforce gender stereotypes and subordinate women
feminists
38
tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
ethnocentrism
39
the viewing of other people's behavior from the perspective of those other people's culture
cultural relativism
40
what are the stages of world contruction
the first stage we construct a culture
in the second stage we become products of the world we create
41
lifelong process through which people learn attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
socialization
42
our sense of who we are, distinct from others, and shaped by our unique social interactions
self
43
explain the looking glass self
we imagine how others see us-relatives, friends, even strangers on the street
we imagine how others evaluate what we think they see-as intelligent, attractive, shy, or strange
we integrate both positive and negative reflections into our self
44
what are the two key components of self?
I-the acting self that exists in relation to the me
Me-socialized self that plans actions and judges performances based on the standards we have learned from others
45
individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher
significant other
46
refers to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that individuals take into account when interacting with others
generalized other
47
children imitate the people around them, especially family members
preparatory stage (0-3)
48
children pretend to be other people
play stage (3-5)
49
gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication
symbol
50
process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint
role taking
51
children grasp their own social positions and those of others around them
game stage (6-9)
52
what are the three stages of the self (mead)
preparatory stage
play stage
game stage
53
a view of social interaction in which people are seen as actors on a stage trying to put on a successful performance
dramaturgical approach
54
altering presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audience
impression management
55
efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarassment
face-work
56
the preconceived and unjustified judgment of individuals, be it positive or negative, based on their membership in a particular group
prejudice
57
automatic, unconscious association of value, whether positive or negative, with groups, sub-groups, or characteristics of people
implicit bias
58
the various contexts within which individuals and groups shape our identity
agents of socialization
59
what are some examples of agents of socialization
family
school
peer groups
mass media and technology
the workplace
religion and the state
60
what is the most important agent of socializations
family
61
how children ae socialized within families varies around the world
cross-cultural variation
62
the normative expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities associated with maleness and femaleness
gender roles
63
print, recordings, cinema, radio, television, the internet, mobile phones- have become important agents of socialziation
media innovations
64
ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another
rite of passage
65
research orientation that looks closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth until death
life course approach
66
processes of socialiation in which person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
anticipatory socialization
67
process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life
resocialization
68
stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40
midlife crisis
69
generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children
sandwich generation
70
study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged
gerontology
71
three perspectives on aging arise out of gerontological study
disengagement theory
activity theory
ageism
72
suggests that society and the aging individual mutually server many of their relationships
disengagement theory
73
suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will have an improved quality of life
activity theory
74
prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age
ageism
75
treatment of the terminally ill in homes or in special hospital units or other facilities, with the goal of helping them to die comfortably, without pain
hospice care
76
the underlying framework of society, consisting of the positions people occupy and the relationships between them
social structure
77
what is social structure composed of
statuses
social roles
groups
social networks
and social institutions
78
a reciprocal exchange in which two or more people read, react, and respond to each other
social interaction
79
society's five elemental building blocks
statuses
roles
groups
social networks
social institutions
80
social positions we occupy relative to others
status
81
social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
ascribed status
82
social position that is within our power to change
achieved status
83
status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society
master status
84
achieved status examples
classmate
roommate
employee
friend
teammate
student
85
ascribed status example
female
20 years old
daughter
latina
sister
86
set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
social role
87
situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person
role conflict
88
the difficulty that arises when role expectations within the same social status clash
role strain
89
process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
role exit
90
two or more people, united by a shared sense of identity or purpose, who interact with one another over time in ways that distinguish them from outsiders
group
91
small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation
primary group
92
formal, impersonal groups created to accomplish specific, shared goals
secondary groups
93
a category of people who share a common identity and sense of belonging
in-group
94
a category of people who do no belong or do not fit in
out-group
95
any group individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
reference group
96
what are the two basic purposes of reference groups
serve a normative function by setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief
perform comparison function by serving as standard against which people can measure themselves and others
97
a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal
coalition
98
a web of relationships through which people interact both directly and indirectly to accomplish formal and informal goals
social network
99
the most basic building block of a social network' it consists of two nodes and the relationship between them
dyad
100
within a social network it consists of three nodes and the direct and indirect relationships among them
triad
101
measures the degree to which any particular individual has more direct and indirect relationships than do others
centrality
102
two (or more) separate clusters in which friends on one side do not kow or interact with friends on the other
compartmentalizers
103
one dense network in which nearly all friends with each other
tight-knitters
104
a diverse array of individual friendships with people who, for the most part, don't really know or connect with each other
samplers
105
our tendency to establish close social networks with others who share our same knowledge, beliefs, practices, and characteristics
homophily
106
integrated and persistent social networks dedicated to meeting society's core needs
social institutions
107
close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members
gemeinschaft
108
consists of a large, impersonal, task-oriented society, typically urban, in which individuals have a limitied commitment to the group
gesellschaft
109
social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change; characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor
mechanical solidarity
110
social cohesion based on mutual interdependence in the context of an extreme division of labor
organic solidarity
