Exam 2

Question 1

Rate

Answer 1

Number of events in a given population over a given period of time

Question 2

Descriptive studies

Answer 2

Describe epidemics with respect to person, place, and time

Question 3

Primary care physician vs. epidemiologist

Answer 3

A primary care physician is someone who practices general medicine. An epidemiologist collects information about disease status of a community.

Question 4

Chronic disease

Answer 4

Diseases that usually last three months or longer

Question 5

Acute disease

Answer 5

Diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within a few days

Question 6

Attack rate

Answer 6

Incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak

Question 7

Life expectancy

Answer 7

Average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time

Question 8

Disability - Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

Answer 8

measures burden of disease
- One DALY = one lost year of healthy

Question 9

Natality rate

Answer 9

Number of births per 1,000 individuals

Question 10

Incidence rates

Answer 10

Number of new health-related events or cases of a disease, divided by population at risk

Question 11

prevalence rates

Answer 11

Number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total number in that population

Question 12

Explain why one would use an age-adjusted rate.

Answer 12

To show what the level of mortality would be if the age composition of different populations were the same.

Question 13

Describe the process for reporting notifiable diseases from individuals to CDC.

Answer 13

• A person starts feeling ill
• Goes to doctor to confirm disease
• Hospital or healthcare provider sends information to public health department

Question 14

Noncommunicable diseases

Answer 14

Those illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another

Question 15

Communicable diseases

Answer 15

Those diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another

Question 16

Chronic noncommunicable diseases

Answer 16

• Cardiovascular disease
• cancer
• diabetes

Question 17

What is the data used by health officials for prioritizing prevention and control efforts?

Answer 17

• Number of people who will die from a disease
• Number of years of potential life lost
• Economic costs associated with disease

Question 18

Primary prevention

Answer 18

Forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period

Question 19

Secondary prevention

Answer 19

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe

Question 20

Tertiary prevention

Answer 20

Aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retain, reeducate, and rehabilitate

Question 21

Explain the difference between modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors to improve health.

Answer 21

Modifiable risk factors are things that a person can control. These include cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and physical inactivity. Nonmodifiable risk factors can not be altered. These include sex, race, and age.

Question 22

Leading cause of death in the United States

Answer 22

Heart disease

Question 23

Explain the multicausation disease model

Answer 23

It is a visual representation of
the host together with various internal and external factors that promote
and protect against disease

Question 24

List the links in the chain of infection

Answer 24

• Pathogen
• Reservoir
• Portal of exit
• Transmission
• Portal of entry
• Establishment of infection in new host

Question 25

Describe the difference between prevention and intervention. State which one is more desirable.

Answer 25

Prevention is planning for and taking action to prevent onset of disease or health problem. Intervention is the effort to control disease in progress. Prevention is more desirable because it is something that is done before it happens.

Question 26

Provide three examples of how communities can prevent communicable diseases and how individuals can prevent communicable diseases.

Answer 26

Communities can prevent communicable diseases by chlorinating water supply, inspecting restaurants, immunization programs. Individuals can prevent them by washing hands, wearing condoms, properly cooking food.

Question 27

Contrast the terms acute and chronic disease. Provide three examples of each type of disease.

Answer 27

Acute disease is something that occurs for only a short period of time. Examples: flu, common cold, strep throat. Chronic diseases usually lasts longer than 3 months. Examples: cancer, heart disease, stroke

Question 28

Pandemic

Answer 28

Outbreak over wide geographic area