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Biological Anthropology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

a study of anatomical and biological aspects of humans and our ancestors

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2
Q

Biocultural Approach

A

studying the close relationship between human biology and culture

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3
Q

What are the subfields of bio anthropology?

A

osteology, paleoanthropology, paleoprimatology, forensic anthropology

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4
Q

Osteology

A

the study of the skeletal system

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5
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

the study of hominins

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6
Q

Paleoprimatology

A

the study of ape ancestors

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7
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

applying knowledge to ID the cause of death outside the care of a physician.

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8
Q

What is science?

A

the study of the natural world, the method of observing and measuring things systematically.

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9
Q

Observations

A

recording input from senses or tools

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable explanation for the observations made

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11
Q

Data

A

must be collected, analyzed, and re-tested. It must explain something about the world and can be falsifiable.

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12
Q

Theoretical Framework

A

the foundation of knowledge based on interconnecting hypothesizes

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13
Q

What theoretical framework is the basis of bio anthropology?

A

evolution

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14
Q

What was the goal of early physical anthropology?

A

scientists were concerned with the categorization of humans and how to name them

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15
Q

Earnest Hooton

A

creator of phrenology, “palm reading” for the skull. He believed that the bumps on a person’s skull could tell personality and criminality. Racial classification. Did some good work for orangutan teeth.

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16
Q

W.W. Howells

A

Hooten’s student; disproved race theory by measuring heads and finding zero clustering or correlations.

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17
Q

Carleton Coon

A

Hooten’s student; wanted to continue classifying humans by race. He upheld his theory despite being proven wrong several times. “Origin of Races”, upheld Jim Crow Laws

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18
Q

Ashley Montague

A

a professor who shared Boaz’s idea of cultural relativism. He believed that humans were equal. UN committee of equality.

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19
Q

Sherwood Washburn

A

Hooten’s last student; The face of biological anthropology as we know it today. He spoke to geneticists, anatomists, and primatologists because he believed that anthropology could benefit and learn from these fields of study. Human bio-culturalism is the result of evolution.

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20
Q

Typology

A

the classification that separates all living things into a species and genus, also known as Binomial Nomenclature

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21
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Swedish botanist and zoologist, “father of modern taxonomy” as he developed the Binomial Nomenclature system

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22
Q

Samuel G. Morton

A

North American doctor in the 1800s; interested in codifying human variation, collected heads. He believed that people of African descent had small brains compared to people of European descent, who had large brains.

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23
Q

Ales Hrdlicka

A

doctor in the 1900s who wanted to establish physical anthropology institutions in the US. He wanted to study how to measure humans and come to an agreement regarding the classification. He created the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and was only interested in studying white men- who he believed to be the apex.

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24
Q

What is physical anthropology like now?

A

began in the 1950s when scientists began to study the process of primate evolution and human variation. Darwinism began to be interpreted with genetics. Races are studied as populations, not types or species of humans. They study migration, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation. Adaptation of form to function.

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25
What is biological evolution?
change in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next
26
Units of evolution
population
27
Natural selection
Beneficial alleles increase in frequency over time in a population because it increases survival/reproduction in individuals with those alleles
28
Mutation
Source of new allele variation; random. Most are neutral or not noticeable.
29
How can a mutation be inherited?
The mutation must occur in the parent's gametes.
30
Gene flow
movement of genetic material from one population into another; non-random, affected by barriers
31
Why is gene flow non-random?
individuals chose to re-locate in order to gain access to new resources.
32
Genetic drift
Random changes in allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation and lack directions. Random allele changes from individual death
33
What is the only source of new alleles?
mutation
34
Which event has a big impact on small populations?
genetic drift
35
Sickle cell allele
sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to sickle, increasing the chances of life-threatening blood clots. However, in areas affected by malaria, sickle cell is advantageous bc plasmodium cannot affect the blood cells and reproduce.
36
Example of gene flow barrier
The development of the Sahara desert caused animals to be trapped or forced to migrate. This is why there are two species of elephants, one in Africa and one in Asia.
37
Founder's effect
A small number of individuals create their own population, there is a shift in alleles from mother population to new population
38
What are the consequences of the Founder's effect?
the gene pool shrinks, and few alleles are left. If a disease or genetic disorder is present in the founding population, it could become more common.
39
Speciation
species integrity is maintained by gene flow, interruption of gene flow leads to speciation.
40
Stasis
species stays the same
41
Anagenesis
one species changes to another over time
42
Cladogenesis
species splits off into other species
43
List all of the functions of bones
protection, support, respiration, mineral storage, locomotion, hearing, hematopoiesis
44
Structure as a function
the body structure is supported, the bones keep the soft tissues and spinal chord in place
45
Protection as a function
important organs such as the brain and heart are protected by bone
46
Respiration as a function
the muscles and bones in the chest help increase and decrease pressure within the lungs
47
Mineral storage as a function
bones store calcium and phosphorus
48
What is hematopoiesis
blood cells are made in the bones, in adults they are made in flat bones
49
Locomotion as a function
bones connect muscles, which aid in movement
50
Hearing as a function
stirrup, anvil, and hammer bones transmit vibrations into the ear drum
51
What are bones made up of?
30% collagen (bends) 70% hydroxyapatite (support)
52
Osteoblasts
building cells, tissue from bloodstream
53
Osteoclasts
digesting cells, tissue is for resources
54
Osteocytes
retired cells, mature, maintain tissue
55
Which of the 3 bone cells is responsible for osteoporosis?
osteoclasts
56
Wolff's Law
the law states that bone grows or remodels in response to the mechanical stress or force placed upon it. Habitual loading reinforces bone, but lack of loading weakens the bone.
57
Support for Wolff's Law
long bones are thickest mid-shaft, where bending stress is the highest. curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle.
58
Trabeculae
form along lines of stress-woven bone, spongy, Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach. Helps bone not be as heavy.
59
Cortical
smooth, dense bone
60
Collagen has been likened to what?
string cheese because it is stretchy absorbs force
61
Hydroxyapatite has been likened to what?
porcelain because it is rigid
62
What is a dendrite?
tunnels and signals between osteocytes
63
Axial skeleton
is all the bones in the middle axis of body. Cranium, mandible, vertebrae, sacrum, and ribs
64
Appendicular skeleton
are all the appendages. Bones of arms and legs and the girdles which include clavicles, scapulae, os coxa, pubic
65
Long bones
longer in one direction than it is wide. Clavicle, tibia, metacarpals
66
Flat bones
two sides to them that are very close together. Top of head bones, sternum, even ribs
67
Short bones
small and blocky, carpals and tarsals
68
Irregular bones
the shape of the bones is unlike any other. vertebrae
69
Superior vs inferior
superior is higher on the body, inferior is lower on the body
70
Anterior vs posterior
anterior is on the front of the body, posterior is on the back of the body
71
Medial vs lateral
in regards to the midline, medial is closer and lateral is farther away
72
Proximal vs distal
proximal is close to the center of the body, distal is far away
73
Bilateral plane
the human skeleton is symmetrical
74
Cost vs benefit analysis
every action has a cost; time or energy, but hopefully the benefit outweighs that cost
75
Life goals of primates
the actions and choices answer biological needs such as food, water, shelter, and mates
76
T/F: Apes have nuclear families
false, monogamy in this sense is distinctly human
77
T/F: Males hunt for the females
false, human gender roles do not apply
78
T/F: As an ape, feeding yourself is top priority
true
79
T/F: Chimpanzees sleep in a new nest every night
true
80
T/F: Apes get bored easily
true
81
Affiliative behavior
cooperative behavior that reinforces social bonds, ie grooming, food reciprocation
82
Aggressive behavior
threats, challenges, and even fighting to establish dominance or defend something
83
Importance of grooming
it creates intimacy and trust as the animals are often vunerable
84
What is the most common aggressive behavior?
Threats- it is not dangerous and sends a powerful message. Threat yawns, bearing teeth, staring, light eyelids are all threat displays.
85
T/F: Physical fights are common aggressive behaviors.
false, fights could win the battle but lose the war if they are too brutal
86
Why do primates group together?
the rule of primates is as follows: they have evolved to be highly social animals
87
Primate ecology
the study of primates' relationship with their environment; flora and fauna, food availability vs consumption
88
T/F: Eating habits directly impact group structure.
true
89
Example of a folivore
Mountain gorillas
90
Example of a frugivore
Chimpanzees
91
Example of an insectivore
galagos
92
5 foods that apes consume
fruits, leaves, insects, gum, meat
93
Example of a gumivore
maromosets
94
Example of a carnivore
only one, tarsiers
95
Preferred foods
foods that are high in quality but not always in abundance. primates will eat these first.
96
Fallback foods
more important than preferred because they get the animals through the hardest times. often strange, random foods that can be found or scavenged; ie meat or roots
97
Grouping strategy
smaller groups are better for scarcer resources (fruits) and have low protection. larger groups are better for abundant resources (leaves) and have high protection.
98
T/F: Primates will change their grouping strategy based on resource availability.
true
99
Should I stay or should I disperse?
100
Cost of groups
sharing food and resource restriction
101
Benefits of groups
protection because there are more options for the predator, alarm calls for food/danger
102
Why do apes commit infanticide
it may be beneficial to kill individuals that aren't genetically related in order to secure resources for your own
103
Fusion-fision
social behavior in which the group sleeps together at night but small groups of individuals forage for food during the day (chimps)
104
Defensible resources
physically or verbally defendable; ie fruit trees
105
T/F: Gorillas have defensible resources.
false, they just eat leafs :3
106
Matrilines
females stay in the group and males come in and out
107
Predator load
based on the size of the primate; small primates have more predators, and the largest primates only worry about leopards
108
Hierarchies
dominant acts between the same sex. males compete for more females and females compete for high-ranking males
109
Coalition
affiliative behavior between individuals in order to rise to the top of the hierarchy
110
Solitary
individuals have their own territory, although males may overlap with females (orangutans)
111
Polyandrous
multiple males and one female, rare as it only occurs when there are multiple offspring (marmosets)
112
Monogamous
pair-bonding male and female defending territory (gibbons)
113
Polygynous
single male defending multiple females (gorillas)
114
Multimale polygynous
multi-male group with more females (chimps)
115
Bachelor
male-dominated, young and immature (teens)
116
T/F: Hrdlicka made a revolutionary theory.
true, he noted that native Americans crossed the Bering strait

Biological Anthropology (1 decks)

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