EXAM 2 Flashcards by Bridget VanDanacker

Who is the father of Deterrence Theory

Beccaria

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What is General Deterrence?

Deterrence aimed at the society

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What is Specific Deterrence?

Deterrence aimed at the offender

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What 3 elements are necessary for effective punishment?

Swift, Certain, and Severe

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How is deterrence theory flawed when it comes to juveniles?

Juveniles are NOT rational thinkers
AND
Juveniles think they will not get caught

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Who is the Father of Atavism?

Lombroso

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What is the assumptions of Atavism?

Criminals are biological throwbacks of primitive men and they haven’t evolved

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What are anomalies that Lombroso Found?

Skull is larger
Fat Nose
Very long arms/legs

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Who is the father of Somatotype Theory?

William Sheldon

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What are the 3 somatotypes?

Endomorph - Santa Claus
Mesomorph - Body Builder (Offender group)
Ectomorph - Stick man

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Who is the father of the Psychoanalytic Theory?

Sigmund Freud

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Unconscious biological and psychological desires and instincts
○ Ex: “I want to do that now”

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Superego

Conscience and moral character of the individual
○ Ex: “It’s not right to do that”

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Ego

Identity of the individual and actual behavior
○ Ex: “Maybe we can compromise

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What are social structure theories?

Macro level theories
● Focus on the economic and social conditions in which lower-class youth
live

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Who is the father of the concentric circles theory?

Burgess

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What are the zones in Burgess theory?

Zone1
■ Central business district ○ Zone2
■ Zone in Transition
● Homeless
○ Zone3
■ Workings people homes
○ Zone4
■ Residential zone
● Single family homes
○ Zone5
■ Commuters zone

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Who is the father of Social Disorganization Theory?

Shaw & Mckay

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What 4 characteristics are common in a socially disorganized neighborhood?

Poverty
○ Ethic Heterogeneity ■ Diversity
○ Residential mobility
○ Family disruption

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Social Disorganization

A breakdown in conventional institutional controls within a community and the inability to solve problems

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What is collective efficacy?

Mutual Trust
○ Willingness to intervene in the supervision of children
○ Maintain public order
○ Sense of well-being in a neighborhood
○ All (above) Helps control deviance

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Who is the father of the goals and means Strain Theory?

Merton

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What are Mertons 5 modes of adaptation?

Conformity (+ +)
Innovation (+ -) Criminals
Ritualism (- +)
Retreatism (- -)
Rebellion (+/- +/-)

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Anomie

Study These Flashcards

Overemphasis on the goals and underemphasis on the means

Egalitarian Ideology

Equal message, unequal access to means

Who is the father of general strain theory?

Agnew

What are Agnew's 3 sources of strain?

1. Failure to achieve positively valued goal a. Not making the Varsity team 2. Presence of noxious (Negative) Stimuli a. Abusive Home Life 3. Removal of a Positive Stimuli a. Death of Pet (dog)

Middle Class Measuring Rod

In our society we have a bar that is set for success: that bar is set to middle class standards College education, owning a home, having a good job

Status-Frustration

The strain you feel about not being able to reach that bar

Who is the father of Delinquency and Frustration?

Cohen

Reaction-information

- Delinquent Boy React by rejecting the middle class rod “Because I can’t do that I am going to do the opposite” Going to be violent - Corner Boy Can not reach the middle class rod but is going to be content where he is at - College boy Middle-class rod is still out of reach but he doesn’t give up on getting there

Who is the father of Differential Association Theory?

Sutherland

What did Sutherland believe?

All behavior is learned through social interactions (The difference is WHAT they learn not how they learn it)

What are 4 ways an Association may vary according to Sutherland?

1. Frequency a. # of contact with someone 2. Priority a. Contact happened early in life 3. Duration a. Length of a contact 4. Intensity a. How much you value the relationship

Classical Conditioning

Associating stimuli with certain responses ○ Simple ○ Pavlov’s Dog

Operant Conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of their behavior

Modeling

Learn by imitating the behaviors of others

Who is the father of Differential Reinforcement Theory?

Aker

What 3 perspectives make up Akers Differential Reinforcement theory?

Differential Association + Operating Conditioning + Modeling

Positive & Negative Punishments

Punishing the behavior because we don't want it

Positive & Negative Reinforcements

Rewarding the behavior because we want more of it

Who is the father of Techniques of Neutralization/Drift Theory

Sykes and Matza

What did Sykes and Matza Believe?

Delinquents hold conventional values and must neutralize those values prior to committing delinquent acts

What are Sykes and Matza 5 Techniques of Neutralization?

1. Denial of Responsibility a. “I didn’t do it or didn’t mean to do it” 2. Denial of Injury a. “Nobody got hurt” 3. Denial of Victim a. “Yeah they got hurt, but they deserved it” 4. Condemnation of the condemners a. Do not respect the authority 5. Appeal to higher loyalties a. You know it's wrong but you hold something or someone higher than the law (God, gang, family)

Who is the father of Social Control Theory?

Hirschi

What did Hirschi look at in Social Control Theory?

He asked why DON'T people commit a crime

What are Hirschi's 4 key elements used to strengthen social bonds?

1. Attachment : Intimacy in relationship with significant other 2. Commitment : Stake in conformity (dedication) 3. Involvement : Time spent in socially approved activities (Too busy to commit a crime) 4. Belief : Morals align with society

Who is the father of Containment Theory?

Reckless

Who is the father of Self-Control Theory?

Gottfredson and Hirschi

What did Gottfredson and Hirschi believe was the primary cause of delinquency?

Poor Parenting

At what age is self-control completely formed according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?

Age 10

Who is the father of Life-Course Theory?

Sampson and Laub

What is the importance of Transitions on Life course theory?

They are seen as events that often change the trajectory of criminal or non-criminal behavior ○ Marriage ○ Employment ○ Military career ○ Children

Who is the father of Developmental Taxonomy?

Moffitt

What are the 2 types of delinquents according to Moffitt?

○ Adolescent-Limited ■ Make up most of population ■ Offending occurred in youth/adolescence ■ Seen as normal teenage behavior, rite of passage ■ Attempting to show maturity or adult-like behavior ○ Life-Course Persistent ■ 4 to 8% of offenders ■ Commit the vast amount of serious crime ■ Interaction between neurological and disadvantaged environments ■ Begin offending very early in life (pre-adolescent) ● Key age is 12

Who is the father of Labeling Theory?

Edwin Lemert

Primary Deviance

Initial acts of delinquency, normal

Secondary Deviance

Behavior to fit the delinquent label

EXAM 2 Flashcards

(58 cards)