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ENVI 101 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

The richness of biological variation

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2
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

first step in classifying life, bacteria cells where the overall cell is enclosed by membrane but containing no nucleus but still has DNA

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

everything else besides bacteria, enclosed by cell membrane, has a specific nucleus and more specialized internal structures

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4
Q

how do we organize life?

A

classifications of pro and eukaryotes, domains, kingdoms
DKPCOFGS
Dear King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda

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5
Q

six kingdoms

A

bacteria, archaea, plants, fungi, animals, protists

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6
Q

protists

A

diatoms and protozoans

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7
Q

fungi

A

mushrooms, mildews, yeasts
release enzymes to break down food

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8
Q

plants

A

mosses, flowering plants that produce seeds

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9
Q

animals

A

invertebrates - jellyfish, insects
vertebrates - amphibians

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10
Q

different components of biodiversity

A

genetic, species and ecosystem diversity

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11
Q

species richness

A

amount of different species in an area

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12
Q

species evenness

A

the measure of the comparative abundance in an ecosystem; rank 0 to 1, closer to one is

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13
Q

species

A

Group of living organisms with characteristics that distinguish it from others and produce fertile offspring, an evolving science

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14
Q

ecological niche

A

total use of biotic and abiotic resources for a species in its environment

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15
Q

habitat

A

place or type of ecosystem in which a species lives and obtains hat it needs to survive, a physical place

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16
Q

generalists

A

borad niches, can live in many places, variety of food, many invasive species

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17
Q

specialists

A

narrow niches, more prone to extinction

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18
Q

native species

A

naturally occur in a region where they evolved

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19
Q

nonnative species

A

species that migrate or are introduced accidentally or deliberately into an ecosystem

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20
Q

invasive species

A

a species that causes ecological or economic harm to a new environment where it is not native (invasive = nonnative but nonnative does not = invasive)

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21
Q

indicator species

A

provide early warnings of changes in environmental conditions, “biological smoke alarm”

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22
Q

keystone species

A

has a large effect on the types and abundance of other species in an ecosystem, usually relative to the size of their population

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23
Q

case study of reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park (species effected and how)

A

introduction of wolves in Yellowstone national park due to the increase in population in elk (the elk population was causing the vegetation to decrease), wolf population increased as elk decreased and trees grew in height and population

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24
Q

evolution

A

The process through which life forms change genetically over time

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25
Q

mutation

A

changes in the coded genetic information on your DNA

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26
Q

natural selection

A

individuals with certain genetic traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a specific set of environmental conditions

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27
Q

who is Charles Darwin? How is he connected to evolution?

A

credited for natural selection and evolution, evolution occurs by the process of natural selection

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28
Q

what does it mean for a population to develop resistance?

A

they change (genetically or physically) to fit better in their environment

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29
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree depicting?

A

shows evolutionary relationships among different species, when species share more branches = they share more characteristics/more closely related

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30
Q

how do new species arise?

A

speciation - when one species evolves into two or more species
1. geographic isolation - physically separated from one another
2. reproductive isolation - not able to reproduce together anymore, producing viable offspring

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31
Q

artificial selection vs. genetic engineering

A

artificial - scientists change the genetic characteristics of populations with similar genes
genetic engineering - scientists manipulate genes in a laboratory setting – transfer segments of DNA with a desired trait from one species into another

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32
Q

endemic species

A

species found in only one area

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33
Q

extinction

A

an entire species ceases to exist

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34
Q

mass extinctions

A

collisions with asteroids or volcanos

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35
Q

how have extinction rates changed overtime?

A

increased due to climate change

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36
Q

three distinct groupings for plant life

A

grasses, shrub, trees

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37
Q

grasses

A

photosynthetic tissue because little energy is required for support tissues (stems)

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38
Q

shrub

A

a plant with multiple woody, persistent stems (no central trunk) and a height under 4m

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39
Q

trees

A

will invest more resources in stems and other supporting structures, increased height and access to light

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40
Q

terminology for the different types of leaf longevity

A

deciduous, evergreen, needle-leaf evergreen

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41
Q

name and define biomes

A

terrestrial (treeless), boreal coniferous/taiga (cold winter, moist soil), chaparral (mediterranean climate), desert (tropical), semi-evergreen (precipitation throughout year)

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42
Q

ecological succession

A

the gradual change in species composition in a given terrestrial or aquatic system

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43
Q

primary succession

A

begins in environments that lack organic matter and have not been altered in any way

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44
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs at a location that was previously occupied by a community and then underwent a disturbance that removed all or part of the existing community

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45
Q

what are the three main processes of succession?

A

facilitation - pioneer species modifies environment making it suitable
inhibition - competition determines succession
tolerance - shade-tolerant species begin to flourish

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46
Q

What are the different types of marine ecosystems?

A

freshwater, lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetland, inland, ocean, continental shelf, estuaries, seashore, coral reefs

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47
Q

how much of earth is covered by water? how much saltwater?

A

71%, 96%

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48
Q

coral reefs (what are they, what are they made of, ecosystem services they provide, major threats to them)?

A

Form clear warm coastal waters in tropical areas
Tiny animal and single-celled algae have mutualistic relationship
Polyps (provide home) secrete calcium carbonate shells for protection
Natural barrier for protecting coastlines
Habitat food or spawning grounds for a fourth to a third of ocean’s organisms
Hold a lot of marine biodiversity (tourism, fishing, $40 billion/year)
threats: soil runoff, climate change, increasing acidity

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49
Q

different types of aquatic species

A

plankton (phyto-, ultra-, zoo-), nekton, bethos, decomposers

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50
Q

how are aquatic species categorized?

A

Temperature
Dissolved oxygen content (oxygen in waters)
Salinity (salt dissolved in water)
Availability of food
Access to light and nutrients (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen) for photosynthesis

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51
Q

why are saltwater ecosystems important in terms of ecosystem services and economic services?

A

Ecosystem
o Supporting seafood/fishing industry
o Production of oxygen and absorption of CO2
o Weather patterns
o Nutrient cycling
Economic
o Recreation wise – boating, cruise ships, tourism
o Trade and transportation

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52
Q

major life zones

A

neritic and oceanic

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53
Q

four vertical zones in open sea

A

epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssalpelagic

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54
Q

epipelagic zone

A

1st layer
phytoplankton
lower nutrient levels
DO is high
nutrients fall as well as upwell from below

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55
Q

mesopelagic zone

A

2nd layer
light
oxygen
temperature decrease
zooplankton and smaller fish

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56
Q

bathypelagic zone

A

3rd layer
dark
organisms relies on nutrients from above that fall through water column

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57
Q

abyssalpelagic zone

A

4th layer
dark and cold
high levels of nutrients where decomposition happens
DO low
filter feeders

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58
Q

estuaries (and ecosystem services?)

A

biomes that occur where a source of freshwater meets ocean
support biodiversity
storm protection and water filtration

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59
Q

coastal wetlands (and ecosystem services?)

A

covered with water all or parts of the year
help absorb water to prevent flooding

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60
Q

seagrass beds (and ecosystem services?)

A

occur in shallow coastal water, great biodiversity, host up to 60 species of grasses and support a variety of marine species
nursery habitats – where fish lay eggs and raise their own

61
Q

subtidal

A

permanently flooded zones

62
Q

intertidal

A

periodically flooded/exposed zones

63
Q

saline

A

higher concentration of salt (3-5%) (for reference: oceans are 3.5% in terms of salt)

64
Q

brackish

A

lower concentration of salt (0.5-3%)

65
Q

adaptations to living in the intertidal zone?

A

Ability to dig into sand to not be carried away by tide
Protective shell (hold onto water)
Ability to attach themselves to surfaces

66
Q

some human impacts on marine environments?

A

Pollution
Rising sea levels
Coastal development
Overfishing
Destruction of ocean bottom habitats
Runoff of pollutants
Pollution from ships and tanker ships
Introduction of invasive species

67
Q

lotic

A

flowing water

68
Q

lentic

A

non-flowing water

69
Q

zones of a lake

A

limnetic, littoral, profundal, and benthic

70
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

small amount of plant nutrients
Often deep with steep banks
Low primary productivity – low NPP
Small pop of plankton and fish species

71
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

Large supply of nutrients, too many
Typically, shallow and have murky brown or green water
High NPP, lots of plant growth

72
Q

three different zones of a river

A

source, transition, and floodplain

73
Q

source zone

A

headwater streams are shallow, cold, and clear (not a lot of organic matter) and swiftly moving
lack of nutrients
organic matter comes from leaves, branches and insects
most dissolved oxygen

74
Q

transition zone

A

wider, deeper, warm, flow gentler slopes with fewer obstacles
less dissolved oxygen

75
Q

floodplain zone

A

streams join into wider, deeper rivers that flow across broad flat valleys
least dissolved oxygen

76
Q

how are wetlands determined?

A

the amount of salt and water

77
Q

what wildlife do we see in wetlands?

A

ducks, geese, and other mammals like beavers and otters

78
Q

what ecosystem services do wetlands provde?

A

Large biodiversity of species
Help with reducing storm damage/coastal erosion (storing excess water from storms)
Filtering toxic pollutants rather than going out to sea

79
Q

how are humans degrading freshwater systems?

A

building canals or restricting water flow (fish cannot go upstream), cities and farms add pollutants and excess plant nutrients, inland wetlands have been drained or filled to grow crops, mining, logging, oil and gas extraction

80
Q

delta

A

area at the mouth of a river built up by deposited sediment, usually containing sediment, usually containing coastal wetlands and estuaries

81
Q

why are our deltas sinking?

A

man-made structures reduce the flow of silt and funnel it through wetlands into the gulf of mexico + rise in sea level = deltas sinking

82
Q

different types of species interactions

A

herbivory, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

83
Q

herbivory, predation, and parasitism

A

(+,-)

84
Q

mutualism

A

(+,+), host and parasite both benefit from actions of host

85
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefit and the other is unaffected (+,0)

86
Q

resource partitioning

A

Over time species evolved to use specific resources or traits that allow them to share similar resources but use them differently (ex. Warbler species using different parts of the same tree)

87
Q

coevolution

A

interactions between populations that impact their evolution

88
Q

predator defenses (and the different types)

A

the characteristics that evolved in prey to avoid being detected, selected, and captured by predators
chemical, cryptic, and flashing

89
Q

two types of mimicry are

A

batesian and mullerian

90
Q

batesian mimicry

A

animals evolving to look like they are poisonous to keep away predators but aren’t poisonous

91
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

animals that are similar in design to poisonous animals but are actually poisonous

92
Q

key takeaways from the Humpback and Killer Podcast

A

humpback protected seals and gray whales from killer whales which is not considered altruism (when one species benefit another at the detriment of the others survival) since they are doing it since it mimics their own calf
potentially grief and revenge as the humpback circles the dead whale thinking of its own again, feeling grief
humpback whales protect other species in case it is their own

93
Q

population

A

Number of individuals/organisms of the same species at a specific time and place

94
Q

different types in population change

A

exponential and logistic growth

95
Q

equation for population change

A

(birth - death) + (immigration - emigration)

96
Q

different factors of population growth

A

emigration (-), immigration (+), births (+), mortality (-)

97
Q

difference between density dependent and density independent factors

A

density dependent - factors. that affect a population size depending on the population density (competition for food/diseases)
density independent - factors that influence the density of a population without regard for the population’s density (destruction of habitat, pesticides)

98
Q

survivorship curve

A

Ecologists use survivorship curves to look at a populations drop-off with time, usually will measure a group or cohort of a population born at the same time

99
Q

three types of survivorship curve

A

type one, two, and three

100
Q

type one survivorship curve

A

mortality rates low till later in life, high survivorship at young age but as they get older mortality begins
ex. humans and elephants

101
Q

type two survivorship

A

constant proportion of individuals die throughout the life cycle (they die young, mid-age, old)
ex. birds

102
Q

type three survivorship

A

juvenile mortality high, those that survive, survivorship increases later in life
ex. trees/certain plants, fish

103
Q

two main groups for distinguishing reproductive patterns and survivorship

A

r-strategists and k-strategists

104
Q

r-strategists (how is carry capacity related?)

A

produce large numbers of offspring at once butt provide few resources for their support as they get older, Environmental instability reduces population size before it approaches carrying capacity

105
Q

k-strategists (how is carry capacity related?)

A

produce relatively few young but invest considerable resources into their support,
Population size near carrying capacity due to density dependent factors with more predictable environment

106
Q

how are aquatic environments impacted by habitat loss and degradation

A

trawler fishing boats, ocean acidification (effecting phytoplankton), freshwater aquatic zones with excessive withdrawal of river water

107
Q

examples of aquatic invasive species and how they impact environment

A

lionfish - produce quickly and can consume 90% of bodyweight, no natural predators
sea lamprey - parasite
zebra mussel - clogs irrigation and ships
asian carp - hurts sport fishing industry

108
Q

how have human population growth and pollution impacted aquatic systems

A

plastic pollution, oceans became sewers, 80% of worlds human pop live along near seacoasts, toxic pollutants

109
Q

biomagnification

A

concentration of contaminants increasing in animals higher up on the food chain

110
Q

bioaccumulation

A

when you have an increased concentration of contaminants in the tissues of a specific animal

111
Q

how is overfishing affecting aquatic ecosystems?

A

overfishing causes species to go extinct due to improper amount of time between production and fishing

112
Q

types of fishing techniques and their impact on aquatic systems

A

pure-seine, long-lining, drift-net fishing

113
Q

what are ways in which we can sustain fisheries?

A

food pellets, underwater camera and correct placement according to tides

114
Q

aquaculture and environmental impacts

A

farming of fish, allowing them to repopulate

115
Q

how can consumption patterns affect fisheries management

A

cause more unwanted catches as well as not giving the species enough time to recover

116
Q

threats on sharks, whales, and sea turtles

A

sharks - media, hunting, vulnerable to extinction due to slow growth and late maturation
whales - hunting
sea turtles - trawler fishing, hunted, plastic pollution, eggs don’t make it to ocean

117
Q

ecosystem services provided by forests

A

Habitat
Erosion protection, help store excess water/prevent flooding, provide more ground water
Oxygen
Store carbon

118
Q

economic services provided by forests

A

Lumber, pulp, and paper
Camping, hiking
Livestock raising

119
Q

old-growth/primary growth forests

A

uncut or regrown forests that have not been disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200 years or more

120
Q

secondary growth forests

A

stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession (usually containing pines, oaks, etc.)

121
Q

tree plantation and its drawbacks

A

forest containing 1 or 2 species of trees all around the same age
low biodiversity leading to low wildlife diversity, less ecosystem services provided, faster disease spread, and repeated cutting down and replanting can diminish soil health

122
Q

three different tree harvesting techniques

A

strip cutting, clear-cutting, and selective cutting

123
Q

surface fires and effects

A

burn undergrowth and leaf litter, sometimes manmade
get rid of flammable material to help prevent more destructive fires, release seeds from secondary succession (some cones), control destructive insects and tree diseases

124
Q

crown fires and effects

A

fires take place in the crowns of trees/treetops
more destructive and fast spread, kills wildlife, destroy most vegetation, increase topsoil erosion

125
Q

how is climate related to forest fires?

A

the warmer the climate/more climate change, the more destructive forest fires

126
Q

negative environmental impacts of deforestation

A

Lots of carbon released into Loss of wildlife (trees and organisms living in that area) and biodiversity
Depletion of nutrients in the soil
Increase soil erosion
More flooding
Loss of overall soil health
Greater water pollution issues (loss of filtration systems and areas to absorb and hold onto water)
Environment due to cutting down trees and then less trees to release carbon in the air around it
Loss of carbon sink

127
Q

general patterns and trends with forests in the US

A

we have good amount of forests impacted in the US and that a lot of protected forests are part of the National Forest System

128
Q

some ways to manage forests more sustainably

A

Identify and protect highly diverse forest areas
Stop logging in old-growth forests
Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes
Reduce road-building in forests
Leave most standing dead trees and fallen logs for nutrient cycling and potential habitats for some species
Put tree plantations on only deforested areas and degraded land

129
Q

ways to restore ecosystems

A

replanting forests
removing invasive species
removing dams for river flow
include the surrounding community as well!

130
Q

steps of ecological restoration (with an example)

A

Identify the causes of degradation
Stop the degradation
Reintroduce keystone species to help restore natural ecological processes
Protect the area from further degradation

131
Q

exponential pop. growth

A

The number of individuals added to the population is proportional to the size of the population at the start, not sustainable for most populations

132
Q

logistic pop. growth

A

Initial growth in population, as the population reaches carrying capacity growth rate slows down

133
Q

model

A

inedible species

134
Q

mimic

A

edible species that resembles model/inedible species to not be eaten

135
Q

interspecific competition

A

between individuals of different species (-,-)

136
Q

intraspecific competition

A

individuals within the same species

137
Q

limnetic zone

A

main photosynthetic zone, away from the shore, extends to the depth that light can penetrate (lots if phytoplankton and zooplankton)

138
Q

littoral zone

A

shallow sunlight waters, growth of rooted plants (high levels of biodiversity (turtles, frogs, and crayfish)

139
Q

profundal zone

A

too dark for photosynthesis to occur, oxygen levels too low

140
Q

benthic zone

A

decomposers, detritus feeders, bottom feeding fish (catfish)

141
Q

neritic zone

A

coastal waters, not an open ocean
warm, nutrient rich, shallow water
lots of photosynthesis occurring
coral reeds and estuaries (where freshwater meets ocean)

142
Q

oceanic zone

A

contains four major life zones

143
Q

ultraplankton and example

A

base of aquatic food chain, produce half of earth’s oxygen through photosynthesis
bacteria

144
Q

zooplankton and example

A

consumers, primarily herbivores
jellyfish

145
Q

nekton and example

A

strong swimmers that can go against current
fish, turtle, whale

146
Q

benthos and example

A

bottom dweller
oysters, sea stars, lobsters

147
Q

example of early succession plants

A

autumn olive, gray dogwood, goldenrod, milkweed

148
Q

importance of shrub lands

A

manage for nesting birds and other animals

ENVI 101 (5 decks)

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