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Medical Nutrition Therapy 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

neoplasm

A

any new or abnormal cellular growth; specifically one that is uncontrolled and progressive; relatively autonomous growth of tissue (growth is not properly regulated by the normal biochemical and physical influences); refers to benign and malignant tumors

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2
Q

tumor

A

an abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm

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3
Q

benign

A

growth of cells is steady, slow; usually confined; treatable, not fatal but can cause problems. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Also called nonmalignant

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4
Q

malignant

A

cells can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis); resistant to treatment and frequently fatal. Cancerous

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5
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor originating in epithelial tissues, like skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. (e.g. breast, colon, melanocytes, liver)

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6
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor originating in connective tissue (bone, muscle, adipose, hematopoietic, lymphoid)

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7
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another

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8
Q

cancer

A

Disorder of cell growth and regulation
- No limits for cellular replication
- Production of cells that serve no purpose
Malignant neoplasms

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9
Q

What is the 2nd leading cause of mortality?

A

cancer

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10
Q

carcinogen

A

Substance which causes cancer

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11
Q

carcinogenesis

A

Multi-step process in which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer?

A

Cigarette smoke
Pesticides
Certain food additives (nitrosamines, nitrites)
Polycyclic hydrocarbons (many chemicals: some are produced due to charring protein foods)
Occupational hazards (asbestos)
Aflatoxin B1 (produced by mold that may grow in grains and nuts stored in warm, humid environments)

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13
Q

nitrosamines + sodium nitrate are

A

added to cured meats to help inhibit the growth of Clostridium botulinum

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14
Q

What can you add to cured meats in production of the product to decrease nitrosamine formation?

A

ascorbic acid or tocopherol

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15
Q

What happens during radiation?

A

DNA is damaged beyond repair

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16
Q

Radiation is believed to be a ________________?

A

initiator

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17
Q

What sources are known to be carcinogenic?

A

X-rays
UV light (skin cancer)
Radioactive materials
Atomic wastes

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18
Q

What are lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of cancer?

A

emotional stress

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19
Q

Estrogen-progestin therapy (menopause) increases

A

breast cancer risk

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20
Q

Estrogen therapy (ET) for menopause increases

A

endometrial cancer risk

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21
Q

Oral contraceptives _____________ the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers, but ____________ the risk of breast, cervical, and liver cancers

A

decrease, increase

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22
Q

chronic inflammation has been linked to

23
Q

The inflammatory response produces cytokines, which are

Study These Flashcards
A

the chemicals in the immune response that encourage cell proliferation and suppress apoptosis

24
Q

T/F: Cancers involve genetics to a certain degree.

25
T/F: A small percentage of cancers are considered hereditary.
True
26
What decreases the risk of cancer?
antioxidants soy (except for breast cancers in animals) protein phytochemicals fruits/veggies whole grains, fiber, vitamin D physical activity
27
What increases the risk of cancer?
Too much: dietary fat/trans fat/saturated fat calories alcohol red meats obesity certain food prep methods (blackened, cured/smoked)
28
Cruciferous vegetables contain certain kinds of chemical compounds called
glucosinates
29
What do glucosinates do?
break down into several biologically active compounds that may have anticancer effects
30
Examples of cruciferous vegetables
Cabbage Cauliflower Broccoli Bok choy Brussel sprouts
31
Breast Cancer: annual mammogram starting at
age 45
32
Cervical Cancer: PAP and pelvic exam every
3 years after 21 y/o
33
Colorectal Cancer: colonoscopy every
10 years starting at age 45
34
Prostate Cancer: serum prostate-specific antigen for
men >50 y/o
35
Chemoprevention examples are
Carotenoids Resveratrol (in wine) Quercetin (flavonoid) Catechins (black and green tea) Diallyl Disulfide (garlic) Thymoquinone (black cumin) Various spices
36
initiation
mutation/damage in DNA (presumed to occur in genes regulating cell production). Thought to be irreversible
37
promotion
alteration of genetic expression in cell (causing increased expression of a gene with critical mutation; increased cell proliferation)
38
progression
further mutations from genetic instability (chromosomal instability) during promotion and recruitment of inflammatory immune cells to the tumor
39
neoplasm growth rates are determined by
Characteristics of the host (age, gender, overall health, nutritional status, and immune function) Original cell type (its natural rate of proliferation) Blood supply Cancer cells may grow locally or metastasize
40
tumor images techniques
MRI CT scan ultrasound PET mammogram bone scan
41
invasive tumor imaging techniques
biopsy cytologic aspiration laparascopy
42
what can be used for early cancer detection?
biomarkers
43
tumors are classified by ________
stage
44
what is the tumor classification system called?
Tumor Node Metastasis Staging System
45
What questions are asked to determine the stage of a tumor?
Depth, surface spread, and tumor size (T) Are lymph nodes affected & #(N) Has the tumor metastasized (M)
46
How many stages are there in determining tumor stage?
5: 0, I, II, III, IV
47
carcinomas
epithelial tissue
48
sarcomas
connective tissue
49
lymphomas
lymphatic system
50
gliomas
glial cells of CNS
51
leukemias
bone marrow
52
cachexia
weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness, leads to metabolic alterations and the inability to perform daily tasks
53
Are all cancers prone to cachexia?
no, but it is frequently present in cancer patients
54
Why is decreased food intake common in cancer patients?
pain with eating, changes in taste/smell, bitterness or metal taste

Medical Nutrition Therapy 2 (1 decks)

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