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Intro to psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

First trimester

A

(0-12 weeks) fundamental systems are formed

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2
Q

Second trimester

A

(12-24 weeks) structures become more defined

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3
Q

Third trimester

A

(24-38 weeks) growth in mass

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4
Q

Sensory memory

A

Temporary holding of information while short term memory is active; the initial encoding of information

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5
Q

Characteristics of sensory memory

A

Low capacity, rapid decay, may decline with age

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6
Q

Short term memory

A

Active process of information
to process information for later retrieval, to “work” on information in the moment

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7
Q

characteristics of short term memory

A

limited memory span, but depends on organization of information, rehearsal is a key operation for working memory

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8
Q

Long term memory

A

Long term memory is relatively permanent storage of information
To keep information available over time

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9
Q

Characteristics of long term memory

A

unlimited, not necessarily reliable

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10
Q

Explicit memory

A

Names, places, facts, figures
Remembered via active, effortful processing

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11
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious routines; associated events
Remembered with almost no effort; certain patterns becomes automatic

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12
Q

Episodic memory

A

Autobiographical, personal, specific places, people and time

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13
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of events, objects and. words

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14
Q

Procedural memory

A

Motor activities, routines, previously learned skills

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15
Q

Spacing effect

A

memorizing materials in bits, distributed over time is most effective; distributed practice produces better long term memory

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16
Q

Testing effect

A

Practice at retrieving information

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17
Q

Serial position effect

A

Most recent information and most remote information typically better recalled and recognized that information in between

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18
Q

Decay

A

Some information fades with time, initial details forgotten quickly and then memory stabilizes

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19
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New learning interferes with recall of older memories

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20
Q

Proactive interference

A

Prior learning interferes with recall of new information

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21
Q

State dependent retrieval

A

State you’re in while listening should be the same during remembering

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22
Q

Context dependent retrieval

A

Cues from the surrounding environment can accompany a memory and should be present during retrieval

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23
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

No ability to form new memories

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24
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

no ability to remember events from the past

25
Q

Source amnesia

A

No recall of when, where, or how you learned

26
Q

Repression

A

Actively not remembering something traumatic

27
Q

Sensation

A

The stimulation of sensory receptors

28
Q

Perception

A

the organisms interpretation of the stimulation

29
Q

bottom up

A

sensory receptors start simulation ending in interpretation

30
Q

Top down

A

Experiences (memories) construct perception

31
Q

Psychophysics

A

research area that examons the relationship between physical stimuli and individuals awareness of them

32
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum energy required to excite a perceptual system 50% of the time

33
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum energy required to notice a change in two perceptual events 50% of the time

34
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Damage to the mechanical aspects of the ear; remediation= hearing aid

35
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to the neural conduction of sounds; remediation= cochlear implant

36
Q

Cones (fovea)

A

Fine visual detail; color vision
1:1 correspondence to bipolar cells

37
Q

Rods (non fovea)

A

Movement; night vision
Many:1 correspondence to bipolar cells

38
Q

feature detention

A

Receptive fields in eye and brain that respond to specific kinds of visual input

39
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

3 primary cone-types; blue, green and red
they mix to form all possible shades

40
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Six primary cone pairs, red-green, yellow-blue, and black-white

41
Q

Interposition

A

objects that are partially occluded by other objects are seen to be further away

42
Q

Linear perspective

A

taller objects are seen as closer compared to shorted objectives

43
Q

Texture grades

A

Low amount of detail are seen as further away

44
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Each eye casts a slightly different retinal images; gives rise to our perception of 3 dimensionality; greater the disparity, the closer the object

45
Q

Accommodation

A

Eyes move together to keep objects projected onto retina space; lens change its shape to keep near and far objects projecting onto the retina

46
Q

Gestational age

A

How many weeks along were you born

47
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Birth- 24 months
Basic concept of cause and effect through activitys

48
Q

Pre-operational

A

24 months to 6 years
can form metal images and think symbolically

49
Q

Contrete Operational

A

6 to 12 years
Learns relational properties

50
Q

Formal Operations

A

12 to 22 years
Can think logically and abstractly

51
Q

Vygotskys theory of social cognitive development

A

Systems perspective-embedded social influence

52
Q

Scaffolding

A

Guided learning

53
Q

Executive function

A

Self regulation; inhibitory control; working memory; planning

54
Q

Theory of mind

A

Inferring others mental state, you can’t know what others are thinking

55
Q

Puberty

A

biological capacity for reproduction

56
Q

Phocomelia

A

Limb malformation often associated with thalidomide

57
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Memory impairment
most common type of dementia

58
Q

Vascular dementia

A

Impaired blood flow to brain
facilitated by diabetes, stroke; poor health behaviors

59
Q

Prematurity

A

Less than 37 weeks
High risk of nervous system disorder
High risk of sensory/ cognitive dysfunction

Intro to psych (2 decks)

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