exam 2 Flashcards
What is another name for the Interstitial area?
Zone of transition
Describe the culture conflict theory.
The mixed chaotic culture in chicago was in conflict with America’s middle-class culture. This produced crime and other pathologies.
States that culture conflict theory with concentric zones describes chicago
-industrial core with zone of transition around it (the further away from the core you go, the less crime there is)
What theory did Edwin Sutherland come up with?
differential association theory
What is differential association theory?
it is a learning theory which states that one learns criminal behavior in the same way people learn conventional behaviors which is through a learning process. one learns behaviors depending on what activities/behaviors ones friends/acquaintances do. this was the first theory to challenge culture conflict theory.
what theory did Robert K. Merton support?
Anomie theory
What is anomie theory?
It was originally formed from Emile Durkheim’s work. The basis of merton’s theory was that the american dream (we can do/be whatever we want) is not full reality. Despite uniform socialization with high aspiration across all socio-economic classes, people are unequal in their ability to achieve the uniformly held high aspirations.
ends (high aspirations) , means (what one has to accomplish to reach the high aspirations)
anomie is normlessness. people throw away conventional rules (means) to get to the ends. when someone suffers anomie they turn to any means necessary to get to the ends that they seek.
merton states people don’t give up, they adapt. when they adapt they likely turn to criminal behavior which is a lower-class phenomenon.
what is relative deprivation?
people seek adaptations and don’t change the high aspirations (they are part of people’s identities). instead they turn to drugs, retreat, get into a ritualistic behavior, or most likely turn to crime. this is due to the fact that the high aspirations are tied to having money and being a part of “high society”
criminology had little development in the 1940s due to ______
world war II
What book did Albert Cohen write in 1951?
Delinquent boys
what is delinquent boys about?
- lower class boys that attend public school are subjected to middle class behaviors and expectations (dress, avoidance of profanity, avoidance of fighting/illegal behavior)
- lower class boys find it difficult to comply with the middle class behaviors. therefore, are subjected to negative cues/repercussions from middle class teachers
- after some time, the lower class boys react to disapproval and middle class expectations by forming a delinquent subculture with different values. this subculture turns middle class values upside down
- the reason they do this is because they suffer anomie from teachers telling them they’re bad so they create a world that fits them instead of fitting the world they are already in
what two theories did Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin combine to create differential opportunity theory?
Differential association theory (sutherland) and anomie (merton)
describe differential opportunity theory
to have criminal behavior you have to have relative deprivation but it also depends on what you learn
what influences the theories from 1900-1960s?
20th century rehabilitative ideal
Why did states develop minimum, medium, and maximum security prisons?
different rationales and different types of behaviors emerged therefore responses need to reflect that
What did the federal prison SYSTEM rely on to house their prisoners?
state prisons
(T/F) There were federal prisons and state prisons before the late 1800’s.
false
What does leasing of federal prisoners mean?
There were no federal prisons but there were federal prisoners. Therefore, the federal prisoners would be in state prisons. This led to overcrowding which caused state prisons to lease the prisoners out to private firms. This was simply a money maker for private industries and did nothing for the prisoners themselves.
Where was the first federal prison?
Leavenworth, Kansas
Where were the two main federal prisons in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s?
1) leavenworth, kansas
2) atlanta, georgia
Where/What was the first federal women’s prison?
Alderson prison in West Virginia
What was the first thing federal prisons did?
They implemented a classification system for prisoners based on prisoner risk.
Low risk= low custody place (federal camps)
Medium-Severe risk= high custody place (federal prisons)
Where were the most serious/hardcore federal prisoners sent?
Alcatraz
(similar to Leavenworth and Atlanta federal prisons)
parole and probation in the 1930’s
-parole and probation started being used in state prisons
-parole (quickly expanded as a way to avoid new prison construction due to rapid growth of offender population, rhetoric= individualized treatment, reality= became a control method)
-probation (becomes more popular, by 1935 30% of all convicted offenders were placed on probation)
-goal was to create individualized treatment but turned into a method of controlling offenders
Characteristics of the correctional system.
goal conflict = punishment vs rehabilitation
ambiguous treatment
resource scarcity
open system
What book did Donald Clemmer write?
Prison Community
-one of the first studies to consider how the prison community influenced and shaped the attitudes and behaviors of prisoners
-employed the concept of assimilation (a person learning enough of the culture of a social unity into which he is placed to make him characteristic of it) as a framework for his analysis of the prison
-he assumed that all inmates underwent certain experiences that made them part of the prison community
