Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do plants use water for?

A

Photosynthesis, temperature regulation, and stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brownian motion

A

Ions and molecules are in constant random motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diffusion

A

Influenced by pressure, temperature, and density of the medium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion through a semipermeable membrane where the concentrations equilibrate. The area of the higher concentration goes to the area of the lower concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell water potential

A

Water enter cells through osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osmotic potential

A

The potential of water molecules to move from a hypotonic solution (more water, less solutes) to a hypertonic solution (less water, more solutes) across a semi-permeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pressure potential

A

Water moves from cells with higher wetness to cells that are dry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapor from the leaves to the atmosphere. Occurs from root to leaf, water vapor exits stomata during photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Guard cells

A

Epidermal cells, two of which create a stoma (singular stomata). They regulate gas exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How guard cells open and close

A

By changing the turgor pressure. The more inflated the stomata is (more water and solutes in it) the more open they are.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Environment influence on transpiration rates

A

Transpiration increases with temperature, sunlight, high soil moisture, and wind velocity. Too high of a temperature causes a decrease in transpiration (due to the stomata closing), and high CO2 rates decrease transpiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of food substance throughout a plant via water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pressure-flow-hypothesis

A

Food is actively loaded into phloem from source. Water enters xylem and phloem via osmosis. Pressure gradient drives food down the phloem. Food is then actively removed from the sink.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CAM plants

A

Opens stomata at night versus the day. This type of plant collects CO2 at night to use the next day when the plant performs photosynthesis with its stomata closed. (EX: Cacti and orchids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do plants get from soils?

A

Nutrients, water, and stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are desert soils infertile?

A

There is no rain to weather down the soil, which means there are no nutrients in the soil. Without nutrients or water in the soil, plants have nothing to grow from.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sandy soils

A

Large pore size, obtain oxygen, and water, has good root growth, and is easy to work with. Water and nutrients drain out quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clay soils

A

Water drains slowly through this soil type, nutrients hold on better, but it has small pores and low oxygen levels, and it is harder to work with.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Loams

A

(Sand, silt, and clay combined) Best for agriculture due to different-sized pores, more space for growth, sand has a high pore size, clay holds moisture, clay and silt hold nutrients, and silt is “workable”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Organic matter

A

Compounds that have a carbon base. Usually, C, H, O, and N. Produced by the decomposition of plants and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Living and non-living things found in soil

A

Nutrients, water, microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), seeds, worms, organic matter, rocks, silt, sand, clay, roots, plant parts, and vertebrates (moles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, etc.).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Topsoil

A

Newly decomposed living organism, lots of organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

B-horizon

A

Broken down materials and inorganic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Parent material

A

Weather igneous and sedimentary rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bedrock

A

The bottom layer of the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Soil water content

A

Soil structure, density of vegetation,location of ground water table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Wilting point

A

Point at which water is no longer available to plants, dependent on soil texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Field capacity

A

Point at which soil can hold NO MORE water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Best pH in soil for plants

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Metabolism

A

Any biochemical processes inside a living organism. Examples include photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, growth, movement in a living organism, and translocation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up and ultimately regulate metabolic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Powers many chemical reactions, also known as “energy packets”. 3 phosphate groups, a lot of pent-up energy that is stored, and after splitting it creates ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The importance of photosynthesis

A

Without it the food chain would collapse, living organisms would slowly die, plants wouldn’t be able to convert CO2 into sugars, and the regulation of carbon on earth would end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Major ingredients of photosynthesis

A

CO2, H2O, light, chlorophyll, enzymes, glucose, and oxygen + water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A

Diffuses into plant leaves through the stomatal opening and ultimately reaches the chloroplasts. It’s function is to provide C.

36
Q

Water (H2O)

A

Solution for CO2 to dissolve and is the source of the electron involved.

37
Q

Light

A

Provides energy for photosynthesis and absorbs in the red and blue portion of the spectrum

38
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Molecules that absorb red and blue light. Not green

39
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyze the reactions, very temperature sensitive. (EX: Rubisco)

40
Q

Glucose

A

Produced during respiration, lipid and starch formation and plant structure formation

41
Q

Oxygen + Water

A

Byproducts of photosynthesis and may be recycled or emitted as gas through the leaves

42
Q

Start products of light-dependent reactions

A

Light, H2O, NADP+, ADP, and P

43
Q

End products of light-dependent reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, O2, and H+

44
Q

Start products of light-independent reactions

A

CO2, RuBP, ATP, and NADPH

45
Q

End products of light-independent reactions

A

ADP, NADP, 3C sugars, and RuBP

46
Q

Oxidation

A

Removal of electron(s) from compound

47
Q

Reduction

A

Addition of electrons

48
Q

Light-dependent reaction steps

A

1) Photons of light are absorbed
2) Electrons get excited – Boosted to a higher energy level
3) Water is split
4) Electrons flow down the electron transport chain
5) ATP & NADH are produced (stored energy)

49
Q

Light-independent reaction steps:

A

1) Take ATP and NADH from LDP
2) Convert CO2 into sugars
3) Restart the cycle

50
Q

Calvin Cycle steps

A

It’s the process by which rubisco grabs CO2 out of the atmosphere and combine that with the 5C sugar to make glucose and make more 5C sugar (RuBP)

51
Q

Rubisco

A

Oldest enzyme that hasn’t yet evolved, it grabs CO2 and starts the Calvin cycle

52
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

Most common form of photosynthesis

53
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

Separate carbon and sugar creation. Most grasses in the US and south US (hot & dry areas), involve a step with PEP

54
Q

CAM benefits

A

Keeps stomata closed during the day which reduces water loss and uses PEPc instead of Rubisco which causes less photorespiration

55
Q

Why do plants respire?

A

TO take glucose and create usable energy

56
Q

Substrate for respiration

A

Glucose

57
Q

Byproducts of respiration

A

Water, carbon, and energy

58
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate, 2 phosphate groups, result of ATP splitting, and can be recycled and used to make ATP

59
Q

Start products of glycolysis

A

Glucose and ATP (2)

60
Q

End products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvic acid and ATP (4)

61
Q

Investment step of glycolysis

A

Use ATP to create 2 phosphorylated 3C sugars

62
Q

Reward step in glycolysis

A

Use 2 phosphorylated 3C sugars to create ATP (4) and pyruvic acid

63
Q

Electron transport system end product

A

ATP by taking reduced “energy packets” *NADH and FADH2) and converting to ADP and ATP

64
Q

Anaerobic efficiency

A

6%

65
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

66
Q

End product of anaerobic respiration

A

Ethyl alcohol

67
Q

Energy

A

Primary product of respiration

68
Q

Glycolysis function

A

Make some ATP and substrate for making [x] H

69
Q

Citric acid cycle function

A

Make [x] H

70
Q

Electron transport system function

A

Make ATP

71
Q

Water use efficiency

A

Carbon gained per water lost

72
Q

WUE formula

A

Photosynthesis divided by transpiration

73
Q

How can WUE be improved?

A

The stomata must close

74
Q

Carbon use efficiency

A

Carbon gained per carbon lost

75
Q

CUE formula

A

Photosynthesis divided by respiration

76
Q

Efficiency

A

The ratio of stuff produced to the stuff used

77
Q

Net primary productivity

A

Photosynthesis - respiration

78
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Using sun to create glucose

79
Q

Respiration

A

Using glucose to create ATP

80
Q

Plant A takes up 10 moL CO2 per 5 moL H2O lost, plant B takes up 5 moL CO2 per 1 moL h20 lost. Which one has a higher WUE, and which is the better competitor?

A

Plant B has a higher WUE (5/1=5), and Plant A is a better competitor (10/5=2)

81
Q

CUE temperature

A

Photosynthesis and respiration have different short-term temperature sensitives; thus, CUE may change with temperature.

82
Q

CUE acclimation

A

Given time, plants will acclimate to climate. Photosynthesis continues to increase, and CUE after acclimation is 2:1 (photosynthesis: respiration)

83
Q

How do plants and animals facilitate plant nutrient uptake?

A

Plants and animals break down organic matter and release nutrients to soil and then to plants (by chewing things up and poop it out basically, plants provide most of the nutrients by recycling them into the soil)

84
Q

How do plants regulate WUE?

A

WUE involves photosynthesis and transpiration the plant can use the stomata to up the WUE by closing the stomata or open them to do more photosynthesis

85
Q

Why does increasing atmospheric CO2 positively influence WUE?

A

Higher CO2 in the atmosphere has a positive effect on photosynthesis, plants tend to close their stomata when CO2 goes up which would decrease transpiration which would also increase WUE

Plant Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions