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genetics > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Possibles models of replication

A

-Conservative
-dispersive
-semiconservative

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2
Q

Conservative

A

both strands are copied to form a new duplicate with the original intact

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3
Q

Dispersive

A

sections of duplex are copied. two new molecules with sections of old and new duplex are assembled

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4
Q

semiconservative

A

each strand acts as a template for synthesizing a new strand. each duplex has old one strand and one new strand

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5
Q

structural genes

A

encoding proteins

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6
Q

regulatory genes

A

encoding products that interact with other sequences and affect the transcription and translation of these sequences

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7
Q

regulatory elements

A

DNA sequences that are not transcribed but play a role in regulating other nucleotides sequences

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8
Q

constitutive expression

A

continuously expressed under normal cellular conditions

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9
Q

positive control

A

stimulate gene expression

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10
Q

constituvie gene

A

a gene that is nor regulated and is expressed continually

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11
Q

negative control

A

inhibit gene expression

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12
Q

corepressor

A

a small molecule that binds to the repressor and makes it capable of binding to the operator to turn off transcription

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13
Q

inducer

A

small molecule that turns on the transcription

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14
Q

inducible operon

A

transcription is usually off and needs to be turned on

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15
Q

repressible operon

A

transcription is normally on and needs to be turned off

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16
Q

negative inducible

A

the control at the operator site is negative, molecule binding is to the operator, inhibiting transcription
-such operons are usually off and need to be turned on
-transcription is inducible

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17
Q

positive inducible

A

the default state of gene transcription is “off.” The regulatory protein alone cannot bind to the operator site to turn it on,

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18
Q

negative repressible

A

the control at the operator site is negative
-such transcription is on and needs to be turned off
-no transcription is repressible

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19
Q

positive repressible

A

he activator proteins are normally bound to the pertinent DNA segment

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20
Q

catabolite repression

A

using glucose when available and repressing the metabolite of other sugars
-positive control mechanism
-activated by cAMP

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21
Q

chromaiton remodleing

A

Chromatin-remodleing complexes: bind directly to DNA sites and reposition nucleosomes

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22
Q

forward mutation

A

wild type> mutant type

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23
Q

reverse mutation

A

mutant type> wild type

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24
Q

missense mutatoin

A

amino acid> different amino acid

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25
nonsense mutation
sense codon> nonsense codon
26
silent mutation
codon> synonymous codon
27
neutral mutation
no change in function
28
loss of function mutation
A type of mutation in which the altered gene product possesses a new molecular function or a new pattern of gene expression
29
gain of function mutation
A type of mutation in which the altered gene product possesses a new molecular function or a new pattern of gene expression
30
conditional mutation
wild-type phenotype under certain (permissive) environmental conditions and a mutant phenotype under other (restrictive) conditions.
31
lethal mutation
genetic mutations that lead to death whether over a period of time or immediately after the mutation occurs
32
postitve supercoiling
DNA occurs when the right-handed, double-helical conformation of DNA is twisted even tighte
33
negative supercoiling
right-handed coiling of DNA thus winding occurs in the counterclockwise direction
34
haploid cells
carry one set of genetic information
35
diploid cells
two sets of chromosomes
36
prokaryotic
-no nucleus -small 1 to 10um -no membrane bounded organelles -DNA- not complexed with histones -one circular DNA molecule -unicellular -made up of eubacteria and archara
37
eukaryotic
-nucleus -large 10 to 100 um -multiple linear DNA molecule -membrane bounded organelles -complexed with histones -unicellular and multicellular
38
viruses organisms
neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic -outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid
39
cellular organism
divided in two groups known as prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
40
metacentric
the centromere located midway between the ends of the chromosome
41
submetacentric
A submetacentric chromosome is a chromosome whose centromere is located near the middle
42
acrocentric
A chromosome in which the centromere is located quite near one end of the chromosome
43
telocentric
chromosome whose centromere is located at one end
44
kinetochore
a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach
45
cytokinesis
separation of cytoplasm
46
monads
single
47
dyads
double
48
synapsis
close pairing of homologous chromosomes
49
tetrad
closely associated four sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes
50
crossing over
chromosome segments from the sister chromatid of one chromosome to the sister chromatid of the other synapsed
51
binary fission
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
52
mismatch repair
-corrects mismatched bases and other DNA lesions -enzymes cut out a section of the newly synthesized strand of DNA and replace it with new nucleotides detection-single nick is made in the sugar phosphate backbone on one side excision-old nucleotides are degraded
53
base-excision repair
-glycosylase enzymes and recognize and remove specific types of modified bases -entire nucleotide is then removed, and section of polynucleotide strand is replaced detection-single nick is made in the sugar phosphate backbone excision-DNA polymerase displaces the old nucleotides as it adds new nucleotides
54
nucleotide-excision repair
-removes and replaces many types of damaged DNA structure two strands of DNA are separated, a section of the DNA containing the distortion is removed detection-nicks are made in both sides excision-old nucleotides are displaced by helicase enzymes
55
somatic
relating to the body, especially as distinct from the mind.
56
germ-line mutation
A gene change in a reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring
57
transitoin mutations
occur when a pyrimidine base (i.e., thymine [T] or cytosine [C]) substitutes for another pyrimidine base or when a purine base (i.e., adenine [A] or guanine [G]) substitutes for another purine base.
58
transversion mutations
refers to a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa
59
interphase
extended period between cell division, DNA synthesis, and chromosomes replication phase
60
mitosis
separation of sister chromatids
61
interphase
G1, S, G2
62
G1
growth, proteins necessary for cell division
63
G1/S checkpoint
regulated decision point
64
S
DNA synthesis
65
G2
biochemical preparation for cell division
66
G2/M checkpoint
only passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged
67
prophase
chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms
68
prometaphase
nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores
69
metaphase
chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle assembly checkpoint
70
Anaphase
sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles
71
telophase
chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the condensed chromosomes relax
72
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides, cell wall forms in plant cells
73
meiosis I
Separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half
74
meiosis II
separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division
75
lacl
repressor encoding gene
76
lacP
operon promoter
77
lacO
operon operator
78
lacZ
encoding beta galactosidases
79
lacY
encoding permease
80
lacA
encoding transacetylase

genetics (4 decks)

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