Exam 2

Question 1

Process of seeing oneself as a member of a social group

Answer 1

Self-Categorization

Question 2

Motives for joining groups

Answer 2

Satisfying basic motivations such as the need for belonging and maintaining self-esteem

Question 3

Types of situational cues:

Answer 3

Reminders
Presence of out-groups
Minority statues (gender, ethnic, ect.)

Question 4

Optimal Distinctivness Theory

Answer 4

Individuals seek a balance between the need to belong and the need to be unique

Question 5

We categorize (place people into groups), identify (associate ourselves within specific groups), and compare (contrast ourselves with the out-group) as we place ourselves in society.

Answer 5

Social Identity Theory

Question 6

Foundation for intergroup bias

Answer 6

Prejudice

Question 7

Perception of in-group members

Answer 7

Higher likability
Favoritism
Individualization (less stereotyping)

Question 8

Term for giving in-group members the same “benefit of the doubt” we give ourselves

Answer 8

Ultimate Attribution Error

Question 9

Reactions to Negative Identity

Answer 9

Dissociation
Disidentification (leave group)
Collective Action (change group)

Question 10

Negative attitude toward a social group and it’s members

Answer 10

Prejudice

Question 11

subtle forms of prejudice

Answer 11

modern racism
aversive racism

Question 12

Modern Racism

Answer 12

bias occurs only when it is “justifiable”
is intentional
not outright due to social desirability

Question 13

Aversie Racism

Answer 13

bias without intention
people value equality but still have negative feelings towards the out-group

Question 14

Causes of Prejudice:

Answer 14

Cognitive, Emotional, Personality, Motivational, Societal

Question 15

Stereotypes

Answer 15

representations or impressions of a group formed by associating characteristics and emotions with them (often inaccurate and overgeneralized)

Question 16

Out-group homogeneity effect

Answer 16

We tend to see out-group members as more similar than in-group members

Question 17

Sub-Typing

Answer 17

Accommodating individuals that break away from stereotypes by splitting off a sub-group

Question 18

System 1 Functions

Answer 18

Categorization -> Activation
Out-Group -> Negative Traits Associated

Question 19

System 2 Functions

Answer 19

Application
Endorse Stereotype (use) or Reject it

Question 20

Why do we stereotype?

Answer 20

Superficiality vs. Depth
Conservatism (hold static view of the world)
Normative (helps us fit in with in-group)

Question 21

Reactions to Bias

Answer 21

higher stress levels
more risk-taking behaviors

Question 22

Stigma Consciousness

Answer 22

A person’s expectation of being victimized

Question 23

Ways to reduce bias:

Answer 23

intergroup contact
recategorization (finding common in-groups)

Question 24

ABC’s of Attitude

Answer 24

Affect- emotional reaction
Behavior- intended actions
Cognition- thoughts and beliefs

Question 25

Which influence is stronger negative or positive?

Answer 25

Negative traits are more accessible

Question 26

Persuasion

Answer 26

process where a message causes a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

Question 27

Systematic Persuasion (Central)

Answer 27

uses clear, logical arguements

Question 28

Superficial Persuasion (Peripheral)

Answer 28

uses incidental cues without approaching the issue directly

Question 29

3 Major Persuasion Components

Answer 29

Communicator Message Audience

Question 30

Communicator Issues

Answer 30

trustworthiness likability (attractiveness in synonymous often) perceived expertise talking speed- faster is better similarity

Question 31

Message Issues

Answer 31

emotions (fear) association Primacy vs. Recency Foot-in-the-door Door-in-the-face

Question 32

Audience Issues

Answer 32

age- older is harder to persuade forewarning involvement one-sided vs. two-sided argument need for cognition (normally increases with education)

Question 33

Resisting Persuasion

Answer 33

Awareness Reinforcing Commitment Source Derogation Attitude Inoculation

Question 34

Attitudes predict behavior when....

Answer 34

1)social influence is low 2)the attitude and behavior are specific 3)they are accessible and strong 4)they're based on experience

Question 35

Behaviors predict attitude when...

Answer 35

1) doing becomes believing; as we take on a role we eventually adopt the associated attitudes 2)our attitudes are weak

Question 36

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 36

Inconsistency-> Aversive Arousal-> behavior change, justification, or attitude change Attitude change happens when we can't change the behavior or justify the action.

Question 37

Self-Perception Theory

Answer 37

When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them from out actions

Question 38

Over-Justification Effect

Answer 38

Placing extrinsic motivations on an activity we enjoy undermines are intrinsic motivations for doing it (we enjoy the activity less)

Question 39

Dissonance in the Brain

Answer 39

Reasoning areas of the brain show lower activity during dissonance

Question 40

Can Dissonance also prompt behavior change?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

What does Dissonance hinge on?

Answer 41

Aversive Arousal

Question 42

Group characteristics

Answer 42

structure cohesion goals

Question 43

Stages of Group membership

Answer 43

1) Investigation 2) Socialization 3) Maintenance 4) Resocialization 5) Remembrance

Question 44

Conformity

Answer 44

a change in belief/behavior to fit in with the group

Question 45

Compliance

Answer 45

conforming by publicly acting with the group even if you disagree

Question 46

Acceptance

Answer 46

conforming by acting with the group and believing the same things they do

Question 47

Informational Influence

Answer 47

we conform because we see others as a good source of information -mastery motivation

Question 48

Normative Influence

Answer 48

we conform based on a desire to fit in with the group - connectedness motivation

Question 49

Plateau in group size conformity

Answer 49

3-5 members

Question 50

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

Answer 50

Personality trait associated with prejudice; highly submissive to authority, high aggression, high adherence to perceived societal norms

Question 51

Social Dominance Orientation

Answer 51

Personality trait associated with prejudice; prefer rigid and strict hierarchies, anti-egalitarian attitudes, desire to maintain status differences between groups

Question 52

Group Polarization

Answer 52

Groups produce an enhancement of members preexisting tendencies

Question 53

Causes of Group Polarization:

Answer 53

Informational Influence Normative Influence Public Commitment

Question 54

Repeated Expression Effect

Answer 54

when we hear our arguments more often they are reinforced in our minds.

Question 55

Reactance

Answer 55

a motive to protect/restore one's sense of freedom that occurs when someone threatens our freedom or independence