exam 2

Question 1

SPLIT BRAIN STUDIES

Answer 1

• sever corpus callosum to reduce severity of seizures
• leaves patient mostly normal, but with left and right brain independent in subtle ways

Question 2

note visual pathways

Answer 2

left side of each eye sends info to left hemisphere
right side of each eye send info to right hemisphere

Question 3

left visual field goes to

Answer 3

right hemisphere

Question 4

right visual field goes to

Answer 4

left hemisphere

Question 5

4 questions to ask

Answer 5

1. Which side of the visual field was the image flashed on?
2. Which hemisphere of the brain did the image go to?
3. What ability does that hemisphere have?
4. Which hand does that hemisphere control?

Question 6

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 6

US (unconditioned stimulus)
UR (unconditioned response)
CS (conditioned stimulus)
CR (conditioned response)

Question 7

US (unconditioned stimulus - e.g., food in mouth)

Answer 7

input to a reflex

Question 8

UR (unconditioned response - e.g., salivation to food)

Answer 8

output of reflex

Question 9

CS (conditioned stimulus - e.g., bell)

Answer 9

initially results in investigatory response, then habituation; after conditioning, results in CR

Question 10

CR (conditioned response)

Answer 10

response to CS; measure amplitude, probability, latency

Question 11

BEFORE TRAINING

Answer 11

Unconditioned Stimulus (food in mouth) → Unconditioned Response (salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (e.g., tone) → No relevant response

Question 12

TRAINING

Answer 12

Conditioned Stimulus (tone) + US (food in mouth)

Question 13

AFTER TRAINING (that is, conditioning)

Answer 13

Unconditioned Stimulus (food in mouth) → Unconditioned Response (salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (tone) → Conditioned Response (salivation)

Question 14

extinction

Answer 14

Conditioned Response declines and disappears over trials without Unconditioned Stimulus
due to buildup in inhibition

Question 15

spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

after rest interval, extinguished Conditioned Response reappears at almost previous strength, and extinguishes faster next time
due to dissipation of inhibition

Question 16

contiguity

Answer 16

closeness in time is basis of acquisition of conditioned reflex (..?)

Question 17

optimal time interval…

Answer 17

…between Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus differs depending on particular response being conditioned; no. of trials required for conditioning varies too!

Question 18

more intense conditioned stimulus

Answer 18

produces greater conditioned response (e.g., louder tone, brighter light → more salivation)

Question 19

Higher order conditioning

Answer 19

1. establish Conditioned Stimulus (e.g., bell → salivation)
2. new Conditioned Stimulus is paired with old Conditioned Stimulus without Unconditioned Stimulus (e.g., tone → bell → salivation)
3. eventually, new Conditioned Stimulus is established without Unconditioned Stimulus (e.g., tone → salivation)

Question 20

second-order conditioning

Answer 20

Unconditioned Stimulus acts as reinforcer for conditioned reflex
in higher order conditioning a Conditioned Stimulus acts like a Unconditioned Stimulus (“secondary reinforcer”)

Question 21

generalization

Answer 21

similar stimuli produce similar response (pet both dogs and cats)

new stimulus similar to Conditioned Stimulus also produces Conditioned Response (e.g., different pitch tone still produces salivation)

Question 22

discrimination

Question 22

discrimination

Question 23

observations on conditioning

Answer 23

involuntary responses involved