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psy325 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the vulnerabilities to anxiety disorders?

A

Biological (to negative mood states)
Specific Psychological
General Psychological

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2
Q

What is the avoidance technique for anxiety?

A

Avoid thinking about their future worries, do not see it objectively

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3
Q

GAD Treatments?

A
  • Benzodiazepines & CBT
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4
Q

What is CBT-G

A

Provide a model of intolerance of uncertainty, unhelpful thoughts and avoidance

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5
Q

Treatment for Panic Disorder

A

Benzodiazepines, SSRI, SNRI, CBT-P

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6
Q

What is CBT for Panic Disorder

A
  • Normal (i.e., harmless) physiologic changes in breathing, heart rate, muscle activity are perceived → mistaken for a problem → arousal → panic attack
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7
Q

CBT-NP (Nocturnal Panic)

A
  • Address insomnia – improving sleep will reduce arousal and ↓ likelihood of panic
  • Same as daytime protocol but nocturnal rationale and exposures
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8
Q

How does a Phobia develop

A

Experiential- vicarious (seeing but even informational is possible) Informational transmission (if you warned about danger, you can begin to fear that object) - alarm symptoms in presence of object

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9
Q

Recipe for Phobia development

A
  1. Scary experience/situation
  2. Genetic predisposition (e.g., snake, heights and trapped)
  3. Post- experience focus on whether it will recur
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10
Q

What are the 4 categories of PTSD

A

Intrusive, avoidance, cognitive-emotional, hyperarousal

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11
Q

What is the fear structure

A
  • A trauma memory is a type of fear structure which contains:
    o Stimuli during the trauma (e.g., alone, smells)
    o Physiological and behavioural responses during the trauma (e.g., freezing, screaming)
    o Meaning of the responses (e.g., “I’m too blame” “I’m incompetent”)
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12
Q

Persistent trauma reaction

A

o Avoidance: of any part of the trauma memory (e.g., sleeping with light on, don’t go out)
o Unhelpful beliefs such as, “the world is dangerous” or “I am incompetent, to
blame” etc.

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13
Q

Imaginal exposure PTSD

A
  • Revisiting (repeatedly)
    o Talking about the trauma is not re-experiencing it
  • Make sense of the trauma, rather than shutting down processing
  • Learn that thinking about the trauma is not dangerous
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14
Q

In vivo exposure PTSD

A
  • Develop a list of situations that have been avoided since the trauma
  • Inquire about safety (i.e., it is possible that they actually live in an
    unsavoury neighbourhood)
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15
Q

OCD Treatment

A
  • Exposure and response prevention (ERP; e.g., Abramowitz, Taylor & McKay, 2012)
    o Expose to triggers (e.g., contaminants) and prevent the response (no washing)
    o Client learns that no harm occurs – rituals don’t matter
  • Drugs are less effective and people relapse when off them (e.g., Dougherty, Rauch, & Jenike, 2012)
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16
Q

PAP Therapy

A
  • Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy eliminates events and can reverse the diseases apnea causes
17
Q

Process S: Homeostatic Mechanism

A
  • Sleep drive determines the quantity of deep sleep and the quality
  • Homeostatic system is associated with adenosine (by product of cells working, making you sleepier, makes up for lost sleep)
18
Q

Process C: The body click

A
  1. Timing
    - Clock determines timing of sleep especially after REM sleep timing and timing of alertness
    - Clocks all over body  muscles, eating, eyes (light), master keeper of clocks SEN
    - SEN coordinates all these clocks
  2. Managing Drift
    - There is drift in our clock because it is no longer than 24 hours
    o Regular bedtimes, regular rise times and regular light exposure ‘set’ the clock and manage drift
19
Q

Homeostatic Perpetuating factors

A
  • We need to “build” sleep drive to have continuous and quality sleep, therefore behaviours that will have a negative impact on this build-up will be:
20
Q

Process C/Circadian perpetuating factors

A
  • Optimal sleep is produced during a dynamic, idiosyncratic timing window, therefore the
    following behaviours would have a negative impact on sleep
21
Q

The third process: the arousal system

A

The arousal system can trump the sleep promoting system
o Allows us adequate respond to dangerous threats
- When overactive, the arousal system interferes with the processes controlling sleep.

22
Q

Sleep extension

A
  • Provide MORE time in bed when there is sleepiness:
    o Subjective complaints of sleepiness
    o Sleep efficiency upwards of 90%
    o Sleep onset latencies less than 10 minute
23
Q

CBT-I and physiology

A
  • CBT-I improves neurophysiology of sleep: ↓high frequency & ↑ slow wave activity in the EEG
24
Q

Sleep restriction therapy

A

o Match time-in-bed with current average sleep production (add 30 minutes for normal sleep onset latency)

25
Q

Bulimia side effects

A

Bulimia side effects
- Facial distortions from salivary gland enlargement (vomiting)
- Loss of and damage to teeth from vomiting
- Potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia or kidney failure, from electrolyte imbalances
- Subsequent substance abuse, smoking
- depression, weight gain

26
Q

difference between anorexia and bulimia

A

anorexia, you lose weight, bulimia is lack of control in eating and binges are big

27
Q

ED treatment

A
  • SSRIs help some with bulimia but not long-term so they are combined with CBT, - CBT-E has good efficacy and an approach that addresses the common factors across disorders eating, Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) focuses solely on interpersonal issues and is as effective as CBT, - Motivational interviewing may be helpful before therapy to enhance readiness for change
28
Q

CBT For ED

A
  • Normalize eating behaviours
    o In bulimia and BED, there are frequent scheduled small meals and in anorexia they are hospitalized until safe weight is achieved
29
Q

Depressants

A
  • Decrease central nervous system activity
  • Alcohol, hypnotics, anxiolytics
  • Symptoms: relaxation
  • Withdrawal: agitation, anxiety
  • Long-term withdrawal: delirium tremens, vomiting, hallucinations, death
30
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Increase central nervous system activity (enhance GLU, NE, DA)
  • Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
  • Symptoms: alertness, energy
  • Side effects: impaired judgment/functioning, paranoia, heart racing, chills, nausea, vomiting , respiratory depression, seizures, coma
  • Withdrawal: fatigue, in cocaine: apathy
31
Q

Opioids

A
  • Oxycodon, morphine, heroin
  • Symptoms: euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing, analgesia
  • Withdrawal: nausea and vomiting, aches, chills, diarrhea, insomnia, prolonged (many days) and painful
32
Q

Cannabis

A
  • Altered perception, mood swings, in large doses hallucinations and paranoia – wide variations in report of symptoms
  • Concentration, sleep, memory, motivation, interpersonal and occupational problems can occur in long term use
  • Withdrawal: diminished appetite, irritability, headaches, loss of focus, cold sweats, chills, depression and anxiety
  • Long-term problems include insomnia
  • There are medicinal products being tested for medical problems such as cancer pain, which typically have low tetrahydrocannabinols (THC)
33
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • LSD – a fungus associated with hallucinations, perceptual changes, depersonalization, dilated pupils, sweating, rapid heartbeat and blurred vision
34
Q

Treatments for Substance disorder

A
  • Agonist substitution
    o Methadone
  • Antagonist treatments
    o Naltrexone
  • Aversive treatment
    o Antabuse
35
Q

Psychosocial treatments for SA

A
  • Inpatient facilities
    o Expensive; assist through
  • Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
    o Social support
  • Controlled use/ Harm reduction/Controlled drinking
    o Safe injection sites (SISs)
  • Component therapy (coping skills, contingencies, community)
  • Motivational enhancement to increase readiness for change

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