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Vert Zoo > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An early Devonian tetrapodomorph fish that showed features resembling both sarcopterygian fishes and tetrapodal vertebrates.

A

Tiktaalik

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2
Q

The gill cover. Lost feature evolving from sea to land.

A

Operculum

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3
Q

An extraembryonic membrane present in all vertebrates that encloses the yolk.

A

Yolk Sac

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4
Q

One of the extraembryonic membranes of amniotes; the outer membrane surrounding the contents of the egg.

A

Chorion

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5
Q

One of the extraembryonic membranes of amniotes; the inner membrane surrounding the embryo.

A

Amnion

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6
Q

One of the extraembryonic membranes of amniotes; stores embryonic wastes and fuses with the chorion to form the chorioallantoic membrane, which functions in gas exchange.

A

Allantois

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7
Q

Openings in the skull of amniote tetrapods, through which muscles pass from the skull roof to the lower jaw.

A

Temporal Fenestration

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8
Q

Describes a skull with no temporal fenestrations.

A

Anapsid

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9
Q

Describes a skull with a single lower temporal fenestration on each side.

A

Synapsid

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10
Q

Describes a skull with two temporal fenestrations (upper and lower) on each side.

A

Diaspsid

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11
Q

A solid rod of bone formed by fused posterior vertebrae.

A

Urostyle

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12
Q

folds in the skin that encircle or partly encircle the body.

A

Annuli

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13
Q

A chemosensory organ in the roof of the mouth of tetrapods.

A

Vomeronasal organ

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14
Q

A packet of sperm transferred from male to female during mating of most salamanders.

A

Spermatophore

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15
Q

A mating system in which the breeding season is very short.

A

Explosive Breeding

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16
Q

A mating system in which the breeding season can last for months.

A

Prolonged Breeding

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17
Q

Vocalizations used by individuals to announce their presence, such as mating calls and territorial calls.

A

Advertisement Calls

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18
Q

A vascularized area in the pelvic region of anurans where most of the uptake of water occurs.

A

Pelvic Patch

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19
Q

Having a character, such as color, sound, odor, or behavior, that advertises an organism’s noxious properties.

A

Aposematic

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20
Q

Articular processes formed by the neural arch of a vertebra.

A

Zygapophyses

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21
Q

The condition in which the relative sizes of parts of the body change during ontogenetic growth.

A

Allometry

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22
Q

Scrolls of thin bone within the olfactory system.

A

Ethmoturbinates

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23
Q

A chemosensory organ in the roof of the mouth of tetrapods.

A

Vomeronasal Organ

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24
Q

The neural mechanism that senses the positions of the limbs in space.

A

Proprioception

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25
Q

Control of body temperature.

A

Thermoregulation

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26
Q

The end of the continuum of thermoregulatory modes at which most of the energy used to raise body temperature comes from internal sources.

A

Endothermy

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27
Q

The end of the continuum of thermoregulatory modes at which most of the energy used to raise body temperature comes from external sources.

A

Ectothermy

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28
Q

what are the two types of Heterothermy

A

Regional heterothermy and Temporal heterothermy

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29
Q

maintaining different temperatures in different parts of the body

A

Regional heterothermy

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30
Q

changing the setpoint of temperature regulation, as in hibernation.

A

Temporal heterothermy

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31
Q

The diversification of terrestrial organisms in the mid-Cretaceous, marking the point at which diversity on land outstripped that in the oceans.

A

Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR):

32
Q

A situation in which feedback among multiple processes drives a population into an irreversible spiral to extinction.

A

Extinction Vortex:

33
Q

A distinctive joint in the middle of the tarsus (ankle), between proximal and distal rows of tarsal bones; the axis of bending in the foot is a simple hinge.

A

Mesotarsal Joint:

34
Q

A type of mesotarsal ankle joint in which the main articulation is a peg on the astragalus fitting into a socket on the calcaneum.

A

Crocodyloid Joint:

35
Q

A lung in which gas exchange occurs in spherical closedended chambers at the ends of a series of treelike dichotomous branches of the airways. Airflow in alveolar lungs is tidal.

A

Alveolar Lung

36
Q

A lung in which gas exchange occurs in cuplike chambers (faveoli) lining the walls of the airways. Air flows in one direction in faveolar lungs—from posterior to anterior.

A

Faveolar Lung

37
Q

The third level (smallest) air passages in faveolar lungs.

A

Parabronchi

38
Q

Interconnected small tubes that radiate from the parabronchi; gas exchange occurs in faveoli in the walls of the air capillaries.

A

Air Capillaries

39
Q

An anatomical arrangement of air passages and blood vessels in which air and blood pass in opposite directions, but do not follow parallel pathways as they do in a counter-current exchange system.

A

Cross-Current Exchange System

40
Q

Spaces in the respiratory passages of sauropsids with faveolar lungs in which air is briefly stored during through-flow lung ventilation.

A

Air Sacs

41
Q

A hypothesis proposing that the adaptive value of endothermy lies in permitting nocturnal activity.

A

Thermogenic Opportunity Model

42
Q

A hypothesis proposing that the adaptive value of endothermy lies in the faster rates of biochemical and physiological processes at high temperature.

A

Warmer is Better Model

43
Q

A hypothesis proposing that endothermy is a consequence of selection for high rates of aerobic metabolism that support high levels of physical activity.

A

Aerobic Scope Model

44
Q

A hypothesis proposing that endothermy is a consequence of selection acting on the effect of high maternal body temperature on embryonic development and parental care of young.

A

Parental Care Model

45
Q

A hypothalamic hormone released in response to increased blood osmolality or reduced blood volume that promotes recovery of water by the kidney.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):

46
Q

Tubular proteins that form water channels through plasma membranes.

A

Aquaporins:

47
Q

Photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to a wide range of wavelengths; used to perceive low levels of light but not for high visual acuity.

A

Rod Cells:

48
Q

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to a narrow range of wavelengths (different types of cones are sensitive to different wavelengths); used to perceive colors and for visual acuity.

A

Cone Cells

49
Q

The new portion of the cerebrum in the forebrain of mammals, with a distinctive six-layered structure; site of higher-order brain functions such as cognition.

A

Neocortex

50
Q

The dorsal portion of the shell of a turtle.

A

Carapace

51
Q

The ventral portion of the shell of a turtle.

A

Plastron

52
Q

Turtles that bend the neck vertically to retract the head.

A

Cryptodires

53
Q

Turtles that bend the neck horizontally to retract the head.

A

Pleurodires

54
Q

A period of arrested embryonic development.

A

Diapause

55
Q

The situation in which the sex of an individual is determined by heteromorphic sex chromosomes; e.g., XX/XY for mammals, ZZ/ZW for birds.

A

Genetic Sex Determination (GSD):

56
Q

A non-genetic sex-determining mode in which the temperature of an embryo during development determines the sex of the individual.

A

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination (TSD):

57
Q

A type of foot in which the toes are arranged in two opposable groups.

A

Zygodactylous:

58
Q

Specialized for burrowing.

A

Fossorial

59
Q

Folds in the skin that encircle or partly encircle the body.

A

Annuli

60
Q

what are the 4 types of snake movements

A

Lateral Undulation, Concertina Locomotion, Rectilinear Motion, Sidewinding

61
Q

The body is thrown into a series of curves. All snakes employ this mode of locomotion.

A

Lateral Undulation

62
Q

Used in narrow passages such as rodent burrows that do not provide space for the broad curves of lateral undulation.

A

Concertina Locomotion

63
Q

Used primarily by heavy-bodied snakes such as large vipers, boas, and pythons. Rectilinear locomotion is slow, but it is effective even when there are no surface irregularities strong enough to resist the sideward force exerted by lateral undulation

A

Rectilinear Motion

64
Q

Used primarily by snakes in deserts, where windblown sand substrate slips away during lateral undulation. Because the snake’s body is extended nearly perpendicular to its line of travel, sidewinding is an effective means of locomotion only for small snakes that live in habitats with few plants or other obstacles.

A

Sidewinding

65
Q

what are the three types of snake teeth

A

Opisthoglyphous, Proteroglyphous, Solenoglyphous

66
Q

Having enlarged teeth (fangs) in the rear of the upper jaw.

A

Opisthoglyphous

67
Q

Of snakes, having enlarged teeth (fangs) in the front of the upper jaw.

A

Proteroglyphou

68
Q

Of snakes, having enlarged teeth (fangs) in the front of the upper jaw that rotate when the mouth is open.

A

Solenoglyphous

69
Q

what are the 4 types of Predator Avoidance and Defense

A

Crypsis, Deterrence, Autotomy, Venom and Poison

70
Q

what avoidance and defense is Camouflage

A

Crypsis

71
Q

what avoidance and defense is Preventing a predator from yeeting you after it has spotted you.D

A

Deterrence

72
Q

avoidance and defense is Sacrificing a body part (e.g., tail, skin, limb) to escape from a predator.

A

Autotomy

73
Q

A mode of reproduction in which a female deposits eggs that develop outside her body.

A

Oviparity

74
Q

The reproductive mode in which the mother gives birth to fully formed young.

A

Viviparity

75
Q

Of neonates, well developed and capable of locomotion soon after birth or hatching.

A

Precocial

76
Q

Reproduction by females without fertilization of the ova by males.

A

Parthenogenesis

77
Q

The range of body temperatures an animal (especially an ectotherm) maintains during the part of the day when it is thermoregulating.

A

Activity Temperature Range

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