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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the most common reasons for ovarioectomy in the mare?

A

Behavioral issues

Due to:
-tumors (granulosa cell tumors, theca cell tumors)

-hormone responsive behavior changes secondary to estrus cycle

-to make mare a tease mare

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2
Q

List approaches to gonadectomy in mares

A

Open methods:

Colpotomy
Laparotomy
Ventral midline celiotomy
Oblique paramedian celiotomy

Less invasive:
-Flank laparaoscopy

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3
Q

Why do we typically just remove the ovaries in mares?

A

Short broad ligament in mares makes it hard to take entire uterus out

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4
Q

List pros of and cons of a colpotomy in a mare

A

Pros:
- cheap

Cons:
-many post-op complications (hemorrhage, evisceration, fecalectomy)
-it’s a blind procedure

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5
Q

What is a colpotomy in a mare?

A

Surgical incision into the wall of the vagina

Blind procedure where you crush pedicles with chain of ecrasure; you cause hemostasis as you crush pedicle

good option for commercial or jump mares

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6
Q

What are the pros and cons of a ventral midline celiotomy approach for ovarioectomy in a mare?

A

Pros: helps for removal of tumors >20 cm in diameter

Cons: more invasive

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7
Q

What are the pros and cons of flank laparoscopic ovariectomy in a mare?

A

Pros: small incisions, not blind because you have a scope , minimal recovery time

Cons:
-post op colic
-can only removal normal sized ovaries + small tumors

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8
Q

What is the most common reason to perform a partial hysterectomy in a mare?

A

Presence of a tumor!

Usually a leiomyoma = most common tumor of uterine wall in mares

Done to restore fertility; masses interfere with normal uterine clearance and promote endometritis

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of pyometra in a mare?

A

Fibrosed cervix that is closed or partially open

= cervix unable to clear something

Very rare for horses to get a pyo and very rare to perform an OVH on them

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10
Q

What are some castration techniques used in large animals?

A

Banding —-> place band around scrotal tissue

Crimping: crush spermatic cord

Surgical castration : open scrotum and remove testicles

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11
Q

What is an important complication that can result for banding castration?

A

Tetanus

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12
Q

What is a major complication that occur from making a scrotal incision to castrate a large animal?

A

Hemorrhage!

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13
Q

What is the most important thing to remember if you are using a Serra emasculator to castrate a large animal?

A

Nut to nut orientation or else hemorrhage will occur!

Nut of emasculator should be oriented towards the testicle

The emasculator crushes proximally, and cuts distally (DO NOT REVERSE OR HEMORRHAGE WILL OCCUR!)

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14
Q

What will twin pregnancy result in with horses?

A

-spontaneous reduction to single pregnancy

-abortion of both fetuses in mid/late gestation

-dystocia

-stillborn/weak foals

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15
Q

In mares, it is ideal to detect twins before fixation which occurs at:

A

Day 16

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16
Q

What is the best thing to do if 2 embryos are present in a mare?

A

Pop goes the embryonic vesicle - pop that shit

90% chance the remaining vesicle will go on to develop fine

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17
Q

What could you do in a mare if you found twins between day 16 day 35?

A

Trans vaginal aspiration of allantoic fluid

(Aspirate fluid from allantoic space to dry out the fetus)

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18
Q

What are some options for getting rid of one twin in a mare that is past day 35 of gestation?

A

Trans abdominal fetal puncture
(Locate one twin, go into thorax of fetus and inject Pen-G, this causes fetal death)

Cervical dislocation (dislocate one twins’ cervical spine)

Induce abortion (PGF2-alpha)

Manually dilate the cervix and extract the fetus

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19
Q

What are the most common signs of placentitis in the mare?

A

Premature mammary development

Vaginal discharge
(If discharge is present, this is beyond the ability to treat?)

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20
Q

What is the CTUP?

A

Combined thickness of uterus and placenta

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21
Q

List expected CTUP values for a mare

A

Day 271-300 = <8 mm

Day 301-330 = <10 mm

> Day 330 = <12 mm

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22
Q

What is the most common form of placentitis in mares?

A

Ascending infection from vagina

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23
Q

What does PGF2-alpha do?

A

Causes lysis of the corpus luteum

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24
Q

Lutalyse is:

A

A natural form of PGF2-alpha

Also called dinoprost

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25
Estrumate is:
Synthetic form of PGF2-alpha Also called cloprostenol
26
What brand of PGF2-alpha is often used off label in horses and why?
Estrumate (cloprostenol) Minimal side effects
27
In large animals, A single shot of prostaglandin is only going to be effective in:
A mature CL Need to wait 5 days post ovulation to induce luteolysis with a single shot
28
What does the CL produce?
Progesterone (The hormone that maintains pregnancy)
29
Progesterone blocks ______ and inhibits _____
Heat + ovulation, LH surge
30
If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus secrets ____ to cause luteolysis of the CL
PGF2-alpha
31
Define ecbolic
Drug that causes uterine contractions
32
Prostaglandin can be used to treat pyometra in dogs but under what conditions?
Must be an OPEN pyo! Cannot be closed pyo, pus needs a place to go. If closed, pus could do into abdomen and cause peritonitis
33
Another function of PFG2-alpha is:
Induction of uterine contractions
34
What is the primary function of oxytocin?
Used to induce uterine contractions
35
What are the requirements for ovulation induction in the mare?
-uterine edema -presence of pre-ovulatorio follicle -must be in estrus -relaxed uterus and cervix
36
What are the requirements for ovulation induction in the cow?
-uterine edema -pre-ovulatory follicle -must be in estrus -FIRM uterus tone, cervix open
37
What drug is used to induce ovulation in ruminants?
GnrH (Cystorelin = natural GnrH) Not effective in mares!
38
What is a drug used to induce ovulation in mares?
Deslorelin acetate (Sucromate) Causes ovulation in 40-42 hours Expensive (so really only used in horses)
39
What is altrenogest and what is it used for?
Synthetic progesterone Given orally or via injection to suppress estrus (Brand name = Regumate) Does not cross react with endogenous P4 levels
40
What can progestogens be used for?
Extending luteal phase (to prevent estrus) Pregnancy maintenance Estrus suppression or synchronization Hastening of first ovulation of year
41
Can you give injectable progesterone and measure endogenous progesterone simultaneously?
NO. Will cross react.
42
What is a CIDR?
Controlled intravaginal drug release (Silicon t-shaped insert) Placed in the cranial vagina + delivers progesterone over 7 days slowly
43
Males must meet the 4 minimum requirements for breeding soundness evaluation:
1. Be able to ID (tattoo, tag, marking) 2. Be able to see 3. Be able to move around 4. Be able to mount
44
If a male had an enlarged tail of epididymis, what would you be concerned about as a possible cause?
Brucellosis
45
Sperm morphology: What are primary defects of sperm?
Defects related to spermatogenesis -head and acrosome defects -proximal droplets, mid piece defects -tightly coiled tail
46
Sperm morphology: What are secondary sperm defects?
Defects related to maturation and transport (something in epididymis) -distal droplet -bent tail -detached heads
47
Should an animal with a history of laminitis and heart murmurs be bred?
No lol
48
What is the number one reason for lack of cycling?
Pregnancy!
49
What are indications for endometrial biopsy?
Chronic infertility or frequent pregnancy loss. This is an advanced test to run
50
What are signs that a dog is in heat?
Bloody vulvar discharge Vulvar swelling Flagging = lifting tail up to side
51
What is a sign that a sow is in heat?
Back locking Apply pressure to back of sow, if her back is locked up + rigid she is in standing heat
52
What are signs of heat in mares?
Mares will tease males Clitoral winking Raised tail
53
What are signs of heat in cows?
Mounting behavior Cows start mounting other cows Cow that is standing and being mounted is cow that is in heat
54
What is the least successful form of breeding management and why?
Artificial insemination It relies on the competency of humans…
55
What are some pros of AI?
-decreased injury to male + female -decreased disease transmission -multiple females can be bred with one ejaculate -can assess semen quality prior to insemination -better if male and female have big size difference -availability of superior genetics
56
What are the 3 key signs that a mare is in heat and ready to be bred?
Follicular size >35 mm Strong uterine edema Relaxed uterus
57
What are important things to remember about frozen semen?
Can be stored indefinitely Limited lifespan once thawed; cannot refreeze! Will die if you do Need more precise timing of insemination
58
What are key things to remember about cooled semen?
Can be stored up to 48 hours Longer lifespan: 48-72 hours in female still liquid
59
What is the AM/PM rule in cows?
If heat is observed in AM, breed in PM (And vice versa)
60
What are the 3 signs that a cow is in heat and ready for breeding?
Large dominant follicle on ovary Tightly coiled uterus Uterine mucous present
61
Dogs ovulate:
Primary oocytes
62
If you see cornfield epithelial cells on a vaginal cytology in a dog…
She’s in heat! *if you see corn flakes, add milk*
63
What hormone rises prior to ovulation in dogs?
Progesterone
64
What is the rule of 2 in dogs?
Progesterone = 2 ng/mL = LH peak Ovulation occurs 2 days later Breed her 2 days later (allow oocyte to mature from primary to secondary) Breed again 2 days later (For maximum fertility and litter size) 2 breedings is ideal for dogs
65
Where do you deposit semen in a mare?
Uterus (Fresh, cooled, or frozen semen)
66
Where do you deposit semen in a cow?
Body of uterus (Frozen only)
67
Where do you deposit semen in a dog?
Vagina (Fresh, cooled, or frozen)
68
When is embryo transfer performed?
To increase production from superior animal if animal is physical unsound (Transfer embryo to an animal that is capable of carrying the pregnancy)
69
Where must the embryo be deposited in the cow during embryo transfer?
In the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL to assure proper maternal recognition of pregnancy
70
What is ICSI? What species is it usually performed in?
ICSI = intracytoplasmic sperm injection Selected sperm injected directly into the egg Done in horses because horse sperm can’t penetrate the egg in-vitro
71
What 4 pre-attachment events must occur for pregnancy to begin?
1. Embryo must development within zona pellucida 2. Blastocyst must hatch from zona pellucida 3. Maternal recognition of pregnancy 4. Development of extra embryonic membranes to form the placenta
72
What cells create the fetal membranes?
Trophoblasts
73
What is the gestation period of a dog?
65 days (From LH surge)
74
What should the progesterone level be in a dog before you take it for a c-section?
<2 ng/mL
75
What ways and days can you diagnose pregnancy in a dog?
ultrasonography around day 30 -not accurate for determining litter size Radiographs at day 45 -accurate litter size determination -fetal skeletons ossified by this point
76
How early can pregnancy be diagnosed in the mare?
14 days via ultrasound Important to diagnose pregnancy early in case of twins
77
When do the endometrial cups form in the horse?
Around day 35
78
What do endometrial cups in the mare secrete?
Cups secrete eCG = equine chorionic gonadotropin
79
What does eCG stimulate?
Formation of accessory CLs Accessory CLs increase progesterone levels!
80
When do the endometrial cups degenerate in a mare?
Around 100 days of gestation
81
What structure takes over progestin secretion at day 100-120 in the mare?
The placenta
82
What is the signal for maternal recognition in ruminants?
Interferon-tau (Trophoblastic protein 1) -binds to endometrium + inhibits synthesis of endometrial oxytoxin receptors which causes inhibition of PGF2-alpha synthesis
83
What is the signal for maternal recognition in pigs?
4 embryos, 2 in each uterine horn Conceptus secretes ESTROGEN
84
What are the 3 main functions of the placenta?
Protect the developing embryo (shock absorber) allow for gas and nutrient exchange between mom and fetus Removal of fetal waste
85
What is the term for 6 layers of separation between fetal and maternal blood? What species have this structure?
Epitheliochorial Sows, mares, ruminants
86
What is the term for 5 layers of separation between maternal and fetal blood? What species is this found in?
Endotheliochorial Dogs and cats
87
What is the term for 3 layers of separation between maternal and fetal blood? What species does it occur in?
Hemochorial (Loss of everything on maternal side, epithelium of fetus is bathed in maternal blood!) Primates, rodents

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