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sociology 101 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

intersectionality

A

a sociological perspective that says that our membership of multiple groups affect out lives in ways that are distinct from being in any single group

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2
Q

gender binary

A

the classificaiton of sex and gender into two completely separate masc and femme groups

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3
Q

sex

A

the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing male and femal

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4
Q

nonbinary

A

a gender identitity that isn’t male or female

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5
Q

intersex

A

encompass those who possess both male and female genitalia and those with ambiguous genitalia

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6
Q

gender

A

social expectations of behavior regarded as appropriate for members of sex

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7
Q

biological essentialism

A

the view that differences between male and female are natural and inevitable

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8
Q

gender socialization

A

the learning of gender roles through social factors

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9
Q

social construction of gender

A

a perspective holding that gender differences are a product of sical and cultural norms, rather than biology

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10
Q

transgender

A

gender identity differs from assigned sex

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11
Q

cisgender

A

gender identity matches assigned sex

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12
Q

essentialist theory of gender

A

gender roles reflect biological differences

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13
Q

constructionalist theory of gender

A

gender is created and learned through gender socialization

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14
Q

functionalist theory of gender

A

gender differences contribute to social stability and integration

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15
Q

conflict theory of gender

A

social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups

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16
Q

symbolic interactionist theory of gender

A

focused on the meaning associated with sexuality and sexual orientation

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17
Q

patriarchy

A

male dominance in a society

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18
Q

gender inequality

A

the differences in power, status, and prestige and men and women have in groups

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19
Q

feminist theory

A

emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and the experiences of women

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20
Q

liberal feminism

A

looks for explanations of gender inequality in socail and cultural attitudes

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21
Q

radical feminism

A

the belied that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women

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22
Q

black feminist theory

A

a strand of feminist theory that highlights the multiple disadvantages of race, class, and gender

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23
Q

transnational feminism

A

highlights the ways in global processes shape gender relationships

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24
Q

gender-typing

A

designation of occupations as male or female

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25
sex segregation
the concentration od men and women in different occupations
26
glass ceiling
a promotion barrier that prevents women's upward mobility in an occupation
27
glass escalator
men have the privilege of moving up in women-dominated fields
28
second shift
disporportionate share of labor after working
29
motherhood penalty
mothers are less likely to be hired
30
ethnicity
a type of social identity related to cultural values and norms that distinguish the member of a given group from others
31
minority group
a group of people who find themselves in a disadvantages position in their society
32
dominant group
the group that possesses more wealth, power, and prestige in a society
33
prejudice
opinions or attitudes held towards a group and their members by another group
34
racism
prejudice on the basis of race
35
stereotyping
a fixed and inflexible category, and thinking only in terms of it
36
displacement
the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to something else
37
scapegoats
individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that are not their doing
38
optional (symbolic) ethnicity
many whites "opt-out) of ethnicity, until its fun
39
race
differences in human characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals
40
racial formation
the process by which social, political, and economic forces determine the content and importance of racial categories
41
ethnocentrism
a suspicion of outsiders combined with a tendency to evaluate cultures in terms of one's own
42
racialization
process by which individuals are assigned to categories
43
social construction of race
sociologists reject that race is essential. It varies between cultures and time
44
individual racism
individual prejudice on the basis of race
45
institutional racism
patterns of discrimination based on race that have become structured into social institutions
46
covert racism
racial discrimination that is concealed and subtle rather than obvious or public
47
overt racism
the racism that is manifested in individuals’ attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs
48
privilege
when one group has something of value that is denied to others based on group membership
49
white privilege
unacknlowdged and unmerited aspects that benefit white people everyday
50
racial ideology
a system of ideas that interprets and defines the meanings of racial differences, real or imagined, in terms of system or cultural values
51
colorblind racism
a form of racism exemplified by those who profess “not to see color” or racial differences
52
IQ based explanation of inequality
in the past, scholars have looked to intelligence to explain and justify inequality
53
economic explanation of inequality
the cause of poverty is subsequent generations experience the same lack of economic opportunity
54
cultural explanation of inequality
inequalities are determined by cultures
55
social stratification
the existence of structured inequalities among groups in society in terms of their access to rewards
56
social inequality
differential distribution of wealth, prestige, power, and other resources throughout society
57
principles of stratification
rankings apply to social categories of people, life experiences and opportunities depend heavily on ranking, rank of social categories tend to change slowly
58
slavery
an extreme form of inequality in which certain people are owned as property
59
caste
a system in which one’s social status is determined at birth and set for life
60
class
a large group of people who have a similar economic position in society
61
functionalist theory of stratification
societies need stratification to distribute members into roles and induce role performance
62
conflict theory of stratification
class determined by one’s relation to means of production
63
weberian theory of stratification
class divisions derive from means of production and economic differences, status is another aspect, and social classes differ with respect to their power
64
status
differences among groups in terms of prestige they have among others
65
social mobility
movement upward and downward in the class structure
66
absolute poverty
lacking resources needed to get basic human needs, such as food and shelter
67
relative poverty
being poor relative to others in the society
68
theories of poverty
theories that see poor individuals as responsible for their status, and theories that view poverty and produced and reproduced by structural forces in society
69
bell curve theory of inequality
intelligence is genetic and distributed unevenly, thus life outcomes are determined by intelligence and genetics
70
inequality by design theory
success in life is not determined by intelligence, social policy and environment determine life outcomes
71
globalization
the increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world
72
global inequality
the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries, resulting from globalization
73
neoliberalism
the economic belief that free-market forces, elimination of government restrictions on business, provide economic growth
74
modernizasiton theory of inequality
low-income societies could become “modern” by adopting modern institutions that emphasize saving and investment
75
market-oriented theory
assumes that the best possible economic consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own economic decisions, without government interference
76
dependency theory
the poverty of low-income countries stems from their exploitation by wealthy countries
77
dependent development
poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by their reliance
78
world-systems analysis
emphasized the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of the capitalist economy
79
global capitalism
a transnational capitalist class is increasingly the major player in global economy today
80
transnational capitalist class
a social class whose economic interests are global rather than national

sociology 101 (1 decks)

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