Exam 2

Question 1

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways:

Answer 1

1. directly
2. witnessing
3. learning it occurred to close family/friend
4. experiencing repeated or extreme exposure of the traumatic events

Question 2

PTSD: Intrusion symptoms (one or more)

Answer 2

a. Distressing (recurring, involuntary, and intrusive) memories
b. Recurrent dreams
c. Dissociative reactions - often misdiagnosed as psychosis
d. Psychological or physiological distress with the exposure of stimuli that resembles trauma

Question 3

PTSD: Avoidance symptoms

Answer 3

a. Efforts to avoid memories, thoughts, or feelings about event
b. Avoidance of external reminders

Question 4

PTSD: Negative alterations in cognition and mood

Answer 4

a. Inability to remember an important aspect of trauma
b. persistent/exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations of oneself, others, or the world
c. Distorted thoughts about cause or consequences of trauma
d. Persistent negative emotional state
e. Diminished interest in activities
f. Detachment or estrangement from others
g. Inability to experience positive emotions

Question 5

PTSD: Arousal and reactivity

Answer 5

a. Irritable behavior and angry outbursts
b. Reckless or self-destructive behavior
c. Hypervigilance
d. Exaggerated startle response
e. Problems with concentration
f. Sleep disturbances

Question 6

Comorbidity w/ PTSD

Answer 6

Substance use, depressive disorder, anxiety disorders

Question 7

Acute Stress Disorder

Answer 7

captures the before it develops into PTSD

Question 8

Adjustment Disorder

Answer 8

development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor
- distress doesn’t meet criteria for another disorder

Question 9

adjustment vs. PTSD/Acute

Answer 9

exposure to a stressor vs. trauma

Question 10

Complex Trauma

Answer 10

childhood abuse, repeated instances of harmful situations from caregivers or teachers

Question 11

Treatment for PTSD

Answer 11

Cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy: targets unhelpful thoughts, top down approach vs bottom up approach. role of unhelpful thoughts: client decides stuck points. role of therapist: assessment of stuck points from client report.

Question 12

role of client in PTSD CPT

Answer 12

active
examine their own beliefs and their impact
impact statement
Goal: learn strategies to examine and challenge unhelpful thoughts and beliefs outside of the therapeutic setting

Question 13

Historical trauma

Answer 13

cumulative emotional and psychological wounding across generations, including the lifespan, which emanates from massive group trauma

Question 14

Historical trauma is…

Answer 14

1. trauma that is complex and collective
2. experienced over time and across generations
3. experienced by a group of people who share an identity, affiliation, or circumstance

Question 15

Historical trauma response

Answer 15

historical unresolved grief, ptsd, depression, substance abuse

Question 16

difference in historical trauma and ptsd

Answer 16

single event that occurs to individual vs. cumulative effects of individual and generations before

Question 17

ethnic-racial trauma

Answer 17

individual and/or collective psychological distress and fear of danger that results from experiencing or witnessing discrimination, threats of harm, violence, and intimidation directed at ethno-racial minority groups

Question 18

subtle discrimination related outcomes

Answer 18

mental health:
decreased well-being
decreased self-worth
decreased quality of life
physical well-being:
increased alcohol and illicit drug use
cardiovascular problems

Question 19

explicit discrimination and related outcomes

Answer 19

mental health:
decreased positive affect, self-esteem
decreased well-being
increased depression
physical well-being:
cardiovascular problems

Question 20

sources of ethno-racial trauma

Answer 20

othering, laws (immigration), sociopolitical climate

Question 21

PICA comorbidity

Answer 21

anxiety disorders and iron-deficiency
-more likely to be caught by primary care physicians (PCP)

Question 22

PICA

Answer 22

persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month

Question 23

associated features of anorexia nervosa

Answer 23

low bone density, amenorrhea, hypothermia, bradycardia

Question 24

subtypes for anorexia nervosa

Answer 24

restricting and binge-eating/purging

Question 25

anorexia nervosa

Answer 25

restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, intense fear of gaining weight, distress around body image

Question 26

bulimia nervosa

Answer 26

recurrent episodes of binge eating, inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (both occur at least once a week for 4 mo), self-evaluation influenced by body

Question 27

antecedent of binge eating

Answer 27

antecedent (trigger) --> behavior --> consequences -loss of control

Question 28

conceptualizing eating disorders and disordered eating

Answer 28

-BMI -difficulties w/ current diagnostic criteria: Missing individuals who may not be considered underweight Stigma against fat bodies Use of bmi misses a subset of people

Question 29

Social context of eating disorders

Answer 29

Ideals of a “healthy body” Social media Popular culture Stereotypes Accessibility

Question 30

disordered eating vs. eating disorder

Answer 30

similar behavior but lower severity

Question 31

Somatic symptoms

Answer 31

are not present, or if present are only mild in intensity. if another medical condition is present or there is a high risk for developing a medical condition (pain real but not rly an answer for it)

Question 32

illness anxiety disorder

Answer 32

excessive health related behaviors (eg repeatedly checks his or her body for signs of illness or exhibits maladaptive avoidance illness preoccupation has been present for at least 6 months preoccupation is not better explained by another mental disorder such as somatic symptoms disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or ocd

Question 33

dissociation and trauma/stress

Answer 33

Prevalence of childhood abuse and neglect clinically significant dissociation may also be due to other disorders: schizophrenia spectrum mood disorders personality disorders PTSD

Question 34

personality disorders

Answer 34

enduring pattern of behaviors that deviates markedly from the individuals culture a. pervasive and inflexible, stable over time onset: adolescence or early adulthood

Question 35

cluster A

Answer 35

paranoid schizoid schizotypal described as people who feel odd or eccentric

Question 36

paranoid personality disorder

Answer 36

pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others regarding their motives

Question 37

Schizoid personality disorder

Answer 37

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions in interpersonal settings

Question 38

cluster B

Answer 38

antisocial borderline histrionic narcissistic externalized behaviors that affect how they relate to others; role of affect

Question 39

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 39

disregard for and violation of the rights of others since the age of 15 as evidence by 3 or more: failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors deceitfulness impulsivity or failure to plan ahead irritabillity and aggressivness reckless disregard for safety of self or other consistent irresponsibility lack of remorse

Question 40

factors related to antisocial personality disorder

Answer 40

SES sociocultural factors gender

Question 41

borderline personality disorder and DBT

Answer 41

Learn about borderline personality disorder symptoms explore some of the traditional difficulties in treatment of BPD examine the approach marsha linehan took to treatment development explore the principles

Question 42

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 42

pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, and affects, and market impulsivity in a variety of contexts

Question 43

borderline personality disorder stigma

Answer 43

Providers disclose negative reactions towards clients who may have borderline personality disorder Termination of treatment lower therapeutic alliance lack of empathy lack of belief in treatment

Question 44

treatment for BPD: DBT structure

Answer 44

DBT modules: mindfulness, emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance (can help with suicidal behavior, impulsivity → manage when those emotions feel overwhelming)

Question 45

spectrum of psychoactive substance use

Answer 45

beneficial use --> casual/non-problematic use --> problematic use --> chronic dependence

Question 46

impaired control

Answer 46

Larger amounts or over a longer peiod of time Desire to cut down or regulate, but has been unsuccessful Spending a great deal of time obtaining substance, using, or recovering from effects Craving - desire or urge for substance (classical conditioning, reward structure)

Question 47

social impairment

Answer 47

Difficulty in fulfilling major role obligations (school, work, home) Continued use despite having social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by effects of substance Important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up or reduced because of substance use

Question 48

risky use

Answer 48

Use of substances where it is physically hazardous Continued use of substances despite knowledge of having a persistent physical or psychological problems that may have been caused or exacerbated by the substance

Question 49

Pharmacological criteria

Answer 49

tolerance and withdrawal

Question 50

Harm reduction for treating substance use

Answer 50

does not promote abstinence from, or even necessarily reduction of, substance use. focuses on helping people use the substance in ways that are minimally destructive

Question 51

Schizophrenia

Answer 51

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms

Question 52

negative symptoms

Answer 52

diminished emotional expression, avolition (decreased in purposeful activities ex. not eating), anhedonia, alogia (diminished speech output), asociality

Question 53

rule out for schizophrenia

Answer 53

substance use, hypomanic and manic disorders, depression or psychosis

Question 54

over diagnosis for schizophrenia

Answer 54

Higher rates of diagnosis among black and latine people, and immigrant populations Black people are about 2.4 times more likely than white people to be diagnosed with schizophrenia Use of structured interviews slightly reduces the rates

Question 55

neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 55

intellectual disability, communication disorders, ASD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder, motor disorders, other neurodevelopmental disorders often seen in childhood and found in grade school

Question 56

intellectual disability

Answer 56

Deficits in general mental abilities Problem solving skills, critical thinking Focus on impact on functioning vs. IQ measures Practical, social, conceptual domain Ability to get dresses, make relationships, connect with others, are they where they should theoretically be developmentally Observable

Question 57

ASD: restrictive, repetitive patterns

Answer 57

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior; interests, or activities as manifested by at least 2 of the following: Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech Insistence of sameness, inflexibility, or ritualized patterns Highly restricted, fixated interests Hyper- or hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment Overstimulated or absolute lack of stimulation

Question 58

ASD: social communication and social interaction

Answer 58

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts (same in diff environments w/ diff people) as manifested by all of the following Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity nonverbal communication behaviors for social interaction Lack eye contact, facial expressions Difficulty in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships

Question 59

comorbidity among neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 59

lots of comorbidity, often people may have one and another one