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Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Order, 2. Regulation/homeostasis, 3. Evolutionary adaption, 4. Energy processing, 5. Growth and Development, 6. Response to the environment, 7. Reproduction
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2
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

A cell

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3
Q

What does a cell need to be characterized as a cell?

A

ALL 7 characteristics of life

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

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5
Q

What does Eu stand for?

A

True

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6
Q

What does karyo stand for?

A

“kernel” or nucleus

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7
Q

What does IC stand for?

A

Pertaining to

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8
Q

What is a true nucleus?

A

a membrane enclosed nucleus found in eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

What does pro stand for?

A

before

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10
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

A non membraned enclosed nucleus found in prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

What are the common features on eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells? (9)

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Composition, Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic acids, lipids

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12
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic: Smaller size (1-5 micro meters), Simple construction, Absence of membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic: Large size (10-100 micro meters)
Complex construction, Membrane bound organelles

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13
Q

What is the sequence in the nucleus in which we get proteins?

A

DNA is TRANSCRIBED to mRNA then mRNA is TRANSLATED to an amino acid chain and then the amino acid chain FOLDS in proteins

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14
Q

What is the defining organelle of a eukaryotic cell?

A

The nucleus

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15
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Contains the genome (the genes) of the eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

What type of membrane surrounds the nucleus in an eukaryotic cell?

A

A double membrane

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17
Q

What does the double membrane consist of in a nucleus?

A

Outer & inner membrane, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

What does cyto stand for?

A

cell

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19
Q

What does reticulum stand for?

A

Little net

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20
Q

What does plasm stand for?

A

cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the perinuclear space?

A

The space between the outer and inner membranes of the nucleus

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22
Q

What are the nuclear pores?

A

where RNA is made and transported outside the nucleus

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23
Q

What is the nuclear lamina? And where is it located?

A

the inner membrane, and to give support to the nucleus

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24
Q

What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

an extension of the nuclear membrane with different functions

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25
Q

What are the 2 different regions in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth ER & Rough ER

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26
Q

What is the structure of the smooth ER?

A

Tube like membrane structure

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27
Q

What are the roles of the smooth ER?

A

Lipid synthesis, Detoxification, calcium storage, glycogen metabolism

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28
Q

What is lipid synthesis?

A

How hormones and lipids are made

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29
Q

What are some examples of products of lipid synthesis?

A

Steroid hormones, oils, phospholipids

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30
Q

What is the role of detoxification in the smooth ER?

A

adds hydroxyl groups to non-polar toxins that are in your body & facilitates removal of non-polar toxins

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31
Q

STUDY THE PICTURES IN THE PICTURE TAB

A

DO THE PRACTICE QUIZES ON THE LINKS

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32
Q

Why is calcium stored in the smooth ER?

A

helps with muscle contractions

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33
Q

What is glycogen metabolism?

A

Glycogen that is stored in the smooth ER and is broken down when energy is needed

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34
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

An extensive interconnected membrane system, that has ribosomes attached to it, and is the first stop of the endomembrane system

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35
Q

What happens in the rough ER?

A

production, folding, modifying, and quality control of proteins

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36
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Molecular machines that read mRNA and make the encoded protein

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37
Q

What type of proteins is the rough ER responsible for?

A

secreted proteins

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38
Q

What is the signal sequence?

A

They are ribosomes/mRNA that have a signal sequence attached to them. The signal sequence attracts the signal receptor protein. Then the signal receptor protein will bind with the signal sequence and move it to a channel in the cytoplasm of the ER. Then it is sent into the ER to get translated into proteins. And the signal protein will be clipped off

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39
Q

What are transport vesicles?

A

They load up the molecules and move them to their next destination

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40
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Stacked flatten membrane sacs that package and ship out proteins received from the transfer vesicles

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41
Q

What are the 2 faces of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Cis and trans face

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42
Q

Where is the cis face located on the Golgi apparatus?

A

The same side of the rough ER

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43
Q

Where is the trans face located on the Golgi apparatus?

A

The opposite side of the cis face (the end of the Golgi apparatus)

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44
Q

How do the proteins/phospholipids travel through the Golgi apparatus?

A

From one stage to the other (from one squiggly line thing to the other)

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45
Q

What happens to the proteins inside the Golgi apparatus?

A

It modifies the proteins and phospholipids so they can be ready to be productive in the cell

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46
Q

What are some of the modifications the Golgi apparatus does?

A

Glycosylation (adding of sugars), Phosphorylation (adding of phospholipids), adding of fatty acids

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47
Q

What happens when the proteins/phospholipids are done being modified in the Golgi apparatus?

A

All the same proteins/phospholipids that are going to the same place are put into the same transport vesicle and are shipped off

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48
Q

What does lyso mean?

A

To cut or break down

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49
Q

What does SOME mean?

A

Body

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50
Q

What does phag mean?

A

to eat

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51
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A cell that digests food vacuoles

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52
Q

What do lysosomes have inside of them?

A

Digestive enzymes

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53
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

It surrounds the food vacuole and releases the digestive enzymes in the lysosomes and the enzymes break down the food vacuole. While this is happening the Ph level is being lowered so the enzymes can function

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54
Q

free card

A

free card

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55
Q

what are the types of vacuoles?

A

Contractile vacuoles, Central vacuoles

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56
Q

What does the contractile vacuole do?

A

regulates water pressure in the cell, pump excess water out of the cell

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57
Q

Where are contractile vacuoles found?

A

In single cell organisms (they are protists)

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58
Q

What does the central vacuole do?

A

stores ions K (potassium) and CI (chlorine), and absorbs water in the plant

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59
Q

Where are central vacuoles found?

A

In plants

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60
Q

What kind of membrane does a Mitochondria have?

A

A double membrane

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61
Q

What cell is the matrix a part of?

A

The mitochondria

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62
Q

What cell is the viscous a part of?

A

The mitochondria

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63
Q

What is the matrix in the mitochondria?

A

The liquid part of the inner membrane

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64
Q

What does the cristae contain in the mitochondria?

A

It contains the mitochondrial genome and metabolic enzymes

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65
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

fusion of transport vesicles with the plasma membrane. Where the organelles inside move out of the vesicle and the ones attached are fused to the membrane.

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66
Q

What is the main role of a mitochondria?

A

To breakdown fuel to make ATP

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67
Q

Where are chloroplasts found in?

A

Algae & plants

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68
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the chloroplast?

A

Outer, inner, & Thylakoid

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69
Q

What liquid surrounds the thylakoid membrane?

A

Stroma (luminal fluid)

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70
Q

What are the stacks of the thylakoid membrane called?

A

Granum

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71
Q

What does chloro mean?

A

Color

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72
Q

What are plastids?

A

A shared genealogy family of organelles that end in the word plast. They have divergent activities

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73
Q

What are the organelles in the plastids family?

A

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, elaioplasts, proteinsoplasts

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74
Q

What are the functions of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis, ATP synthesis, sugar synthesis

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75
Q

What are the functions of chromoplasts?

A

pigment storage in flowers

76
Q

What are the functions of amyloplasts?

A

Starch storage

77
Q

What are the functions of Elaioplasts?

A

Storage of fatty acids & terpenes

78
Q

What are the functions of proteinsoplasts?

A

Protein synthesis and storage

79
Q

What functions do peroxisomes perform?

A

Oxidation reactions, detoxification of alcohol and other poisons, breaks down fatty acids for energy, uses catalase to dispose of hydrogen peroxide, Produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product

80
Q

What are oxidation reactions?

A

Taking away of electrons and removing hydrogen atoms from various substates

81
Q

What are cytoskeletons?

A

Protein structures that give mechanical support and maintain shape in the cell

82
Q

What are the 3 structures and motors called in a cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Molecular motors

83
Q

What are microtubules made out of?

A

alpha and beta Tubulin

84
Q

What is tubulin made out of?

A

Alpha tubulin & beta tubulin

85
Q

What are the roles of microtubules?

A

Hold organelles in proper position, chromosomal separation during cell division (make sure each cell gets a chromosome) , cell movement (move the flagella and cilia)

86
Q

What are the functions of molecular motors?

A

Uses ATP to move along microtubule highways, moves vesicles to their destinations, power eukaryotic flagella and cilia

87
Q

What are microfilaments made out of?

A

actin and thin filaments

88
Q

What are the roles of microfilaments.

A

Maintain the cell shape, cell movement (amoeboid motion), muscle contraction,

89
Q

What is amoeboid motion?

A

A crawling-like type of movement that microfilaments use

90
Q

STUDY THE PICTURES IN THE PICTURE TAB IN THE NOTES

A

DO THE PRACTICE QUIZZES

91
Q

What energy does molecular motors use to do their functions?

A

They use ATP

92
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

structural support of proteins

93
Q

What are some of the various proteins that intermediate filaments are made of?

A

Keratin, and Lamins

94
Q

What is the function of keratin?

A

cell to cell adhesion

95
Q

what is the shape of intermediate filaments?

A

shape of an alpha helix

96
Q

What are membranes made out of?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol

97
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

when a carbohydrate is attached to a embedded protein in a cell membrane

98
Q

What are glycolipids

A

when a carbohydrate is attached to a embedded phospholipid in a cell membrane

99
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

they form a lipid bilayer, and are amphipathic

100
Q

what does being amphipathic mean in a cell?

A

a cell that has polar and non-polar parts to it

101
Q

What parts of a phospholipid are polar and non-polar?

A

They have polar heads, and the tails are non-polar

102
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

Proteins that are embedded into the membrane that are amphipathic and have different functions

103
Q

What is the back bone of an ammino acid?

A

N-C-C

104
Q

What part of the amino acid forms the alpha helix?

A

The back bone of the amino acid (N-C-C)

105
Q

What is extracellular? And is it polar or non-polar?

A

It is the water outside of the cell/outside of the membrane and it is polar

106
Q

What is intracellular? And is it polar or non-polar?

A

It is the water that is inside of the cell/inside of the membrane and it is polar

107
Q

What is the alpha helix? And is it polar or non-polar?

A

It is the back bone of an amino acid (N-C-C) and it is non-polar

108
Q

What are the types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, lipid anchored proteins

109
Q

What is a double-pass in the integral membrane protein?

A

(forms channels to allow substrates to come through the protein)

110
Q

Where is a monotopic in the integral membrane protein?

A

it is only located on one side of the membrane

111
Q

What are Peripheral membrane proteins?

A

They associate with other membrane proteins and attach to them rather than the membrane itself

112
Q

What are Lipid-anchored membrane proteins?

A

They are membrane proteins in which the lipids anchor them to the outside of the membrane

113
Q

What are the functions of these membrane proteins? (integral, peripheral, lipid-anchored, multi-pass, single-pass, monotopic)

A

enzymatic activity, transport, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment

114
Q

What is the function enzymatic activity in membrane proteins?

A

To transform a molecule into another form

115
Q

What is the function of transport in membrane proteins?

A

Transporting a molecules from the outside of the membrane into the inside of the membrane and vise versa

116
Q

What is the function signal transduction in membrane proteins?

A

A message is received from outside of the membrane and then it is told to the cells inside of the membrane to do that certain thing (like a telephone)

117
Q

What is the function cell to cell recognition in membrane proteins?

A

when two molecules restricted to the plasma membranes of different cells bind to each other. triggering a response for communication, cooperation, transport, defense, and/or growth.

118
Q

What is the function intercellular joining in membrane proteins?

A

The binding together of 2 cells

119
Q

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A

allows selective substrates to cross the membrane more easily than others, and it regulates cell entry and exit of the membrane

120
Q

What usually enters the membrane?

A

Nutrients ( carbs, proteins, amino acids, sugars), and oxygen

121
Q

What usually leaves or exits the membrane?

A

Metabolic waste and CO2

122
Q

How do non-polar molecules cross the membrane?

A

They dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass directly though the membrane, and DO NOT need help from proteins to cross the membrane

123
Q

How do polar molecules cross the membrane?

A

The passage of the membrane is impeded by the hydrophobic bilayer. So ONLY small weak pilar molecules can cross the membrane with no help from proteins. BUT usually need help from proteins to cross the membrane

124
Q

How much does a molecule have to weigh in order to cross the membrane with no help?

A

Has to be under 180 Daltons

125
Q

Can Ions pass through the membrane with no help?

A

No it can’t, because the size of an Ion is too big, water is strongly attached to ions, and a shell of water molecules forms around each ion

126
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Random movement of particles from an are of high concentration to a area of low concentration through the membrane, powered by thermal energy

127
Q

What types of molecules use simple diffusion?

A

Small, non-polar or weak polar, and non-ionic molecules

128
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion helped by a transport protein, powered thermal energy

129
Q

What types of molecules use facilitated diffusion?

A

Large sized molecules, and strong polar ions

130
Q

When simple and facilitated diffusion is happening, what are they trying to accomplish?

A

equilibrium (equal concentration on both sides) (equal amount of molecules on each side)

131
Q

What is active transport?

A

Uses carrier proteins to change the shape in the protein, and is moves the molecules/solutes against the gradient (moves them from low concentration to high concentration), and requires an input of ATP energy

132
Q

What kind of energy is used in active transport?

A

ATP

133
Q

What does diffusion always do?

A

it ALWAYS moves molecules from high concentration to low concentration

134
Q

Why is glycogen so highly branched?

A

To make it easier to digest for a rapid release of energy

135
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

136
Q

How does osmosis work?

A

The water molecules move to the side that has the higher solute concentration

137
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

That the solute concentration is the same on the inside and outside of a cell

138
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

That the solute concentration is higher on the inside of the cell and lower on the outside of a cell

139
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

That the solute concentration is lower on the inside of the cell and higher on the outside of a cell

140
Q

What happens to an isotonic cell during osmosis?

A

It stays the same

141
Q

What happens to a hypotonic cell during osmosis?

A

Water rushes into the cell and makes it burst

142
Q

What happens to a hypertonic cell during osmosis?

A

Water will rush out of the cell and it will shrink

143
Q

What effects the cell membrane from being at hemeoviscosity?

A

Temperature

144
Q

What happens to the cell membrane when it is cold?

A

Molecular motion slows down, and the membrane begins to solidify

145
Q

What happens to the cell membrane when it is hot?

A

Molecular motion speeds up, and the membrane becomes leaky

146
Q

What is homeoviscosity?

A

The membrane is at the perfect flexibility to function properly

147
Q

What are the 2 ways to maintain homeoviscosity?

A

Add cholesterol, adjust the saturation levels

148
Q

What happens in cold and hot temperatures in the membrane when you add cholesterol?

A

COLD: disrupts tight packaging (expands it a lil)
HOT: restrains phospholipid movement (keeps the membrane tighter)

149
Q

What happens in cold and hot temperatures in the membrane when you adjust the saturation levels?

A

COLD: It decreases saturation levels (makes it more fluid)
HOT: it increases saturation levels (makes membrane more solid)

150
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The total of all an organisms’ chemical reactions

151
Q

What are the 2 parts of metabolism?

A

Catabolism, Anabolism

152
Q

What is the function of catabolism?

A

Breaking down of complex molecules

153
Q

What is the function of anabolism?

A

Building up complex molecules, it requires energy

154
Q

What are some examples of catabolism?

A

Breaking down proteins to amino acids, breaking down sugars for energy

155
Q

What are some examples of anabolism?

A

Using amino acids to build proteins, using nucleotides to make DNA

156
Q

What is ATP?

A

Stored energy in the cell, it is renewable (can be used over and over again), requires and input of energy to make ATP (needs ADP)

157
Q

An experiment is set up with 0.1mM sugar on the left of the selectively permeable membrane and 0.5mM sugar on the right. What will happen as the system comes to an equilibrium?

A

The water will move to the right and will rise

158
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

159
Q

What are the types of cellular work?

A

Chemical, transport, mechanical

160
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

Mechanical movements in the cell

161
Q

What are some examples of mechanical work?

A

Contraction of muscles

162
Q

What is transport work?

A

moving molecules across a membrane

163
Q

What is chemical work?

A

Breaking and forming chemical bonds

164
Q

What are the types of energy

A

Thermal, radiant, positional, chemical

165
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Anything to do with heat

166
Q

What is radiant energy?

A

Light, gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays etc.

167
Q

What is positional energy?

A

Energy due to an objects relative position (higher the positioning of an object the more energy it has)

168
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Energy available in molecules that can be released in a chemical reaction

169
Q

What are the laws of energy transformation?

A
  1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another
  2. In every reaction, the universe always becomes more disordered
170
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

A state of physical balance

171
Q

What are spontaneous reactions?

A

They have no input of energy, are exergonic reactions, will ALWAYS lose energy in the making of a product

172
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

Energy is lost during the reaction, has more free energy, is less stable, and has a greater capacity to do work

173
Q

What are non-spontaneous reactions?

A

Requires an input of energy to get the product, they are endergonic reactions

174
Q

What are endogenic reactions?

A

Need energy to get a product, are more stable, and have a lower capacity to do work

175
Q

How is equilibrium achieved?

A

It is achieved in a closed system environment

176
Q

What is a closed system environment?

A

Where no energy or matter exchange with their surroundings

177
Q

What is an open system?

A

They exchange energy and matter with their surroundings

178
Q

What kind of system are cells apart of and why?

A

Open system, because they must have a steady supply of nutrients, must have the ability to expel waste products, must have the ability to store and transfer energy

179
Q

What are the functional groups and their symbols?

A

Hydroxyl (-OH), Methyl (CH3), Carbonyl (C=O), Carboxyl (R-COOH), Amino(N-H-H), Sulfhydryl (SH), Phosphate(-PO4)

180
Q

Draw the functional groups

A

Draw on paper

181
Q

What is the function for the hydroxyl group?

A

polar

182
Q

What is the function for the Methyl group?

A

Non-polar

183
Q

What is the function for the carbonyl group?

A

polar

184
Q

What is the function for the carboxyl group?

A

Acid

185
Q

What is the function for the amino group?

A

base

186
Q

What is the function for the phosphate group?

A

acid

187
Q

What is the function for the Sulfhydryl group?

A

Non-polar

Biology (11 decks)

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