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Histology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Special type of connective tissue where adipocytes dominate

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2
Q

Apdipose Tissue is the largest storage site of

A

energy in the form of triglycerides (triacylglycerols)

stored in the form of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle

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3
Q

True or False: Triglycerides are less efficient as a source of energy than glycogen

A

False: triglycerides are of lower density but higher caloric value than glycogen

tri… very nonpolar sored in anhydrous (dry) form while glycogen bound to water.

anhydrous fat stores more than SIX times as much energy as a gram of hydrated glycogen

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4
Q

Fats are

A

triaglycerols (triglycerides)- three fatty acids linked through ester bonds= glycerol

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5
Q

Fatty Acid is composed of

A

a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain to which is attached a hydrophillic carboxylic acid group

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6
Q

White (uniocular) adipose tissue

A

cells contain ONE LARGE CENTRAL LIPID DROPLET (when tissue is mature)

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7
Q

Brown (mutliocular) adipose tissue

A

cells contain NUMEROUS LIPID DROPLETS AND ABUNDANT MITOCHONDRIA

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8
Q

Development of Fat Cells:

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells->lipoblasts-> accumulate fat-> mature fat cells

Mesenchymal cells also give rise to fibroblasts

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9
Q

True or False: White adipose tissue comprises a small percentage of adipose tissue in the adult

A

False: almost all adipose tissue in the adult is white

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10
Q

White Adipose Tissue Function

A

Fills spaces between other tissues and helps keep organs in place

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11
Q

Mature Adipocytes are surrounded by

A

Reticular fibers composed of COLLAGE TYPE 3 fibers secreted by adipocytes

Rich supply of blood vessels and capillaries

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12
Q

True or False: Adipose tissue contains unmyelinated nerve fibers and mast cells

A

True

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13
Q

The cytoplasm in mature adipocytes contain

A

High content of Smooth ER

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14
Q

True or False: The large central droplet in adipocytes are not surrounded by a membrane

A

True: instead, they are surrounded by a 5nm condensed layer of lipid containing VIMENTIN INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS- separates hydrophobic lipid droplet from surrounding water containing cytoplasm

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15
Q

Triglycerides are transported in the blood from intestines and liver by

A

Lipoproteins known as CHYLOMICRONS and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

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16
Q

In adipose tissue capillaries, lipoproteins are digested by

A

Lipoprotein lipase

Releases free fatty acids and glycerol

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17
Q

Free fatty acids diffuse from the capillary into the adipocyte where they are

A

Re-esterified, to glycerol phosphate forming triglycerides (droplets)

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18
Q

What is released from nerve endings that stimulate the activation hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

Norepinephrine

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19
Q

What are the control mechanisms that regulate the balance of our eating and energy expenditure?

A

Key Signal: Protein Hormone- Leptin

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20
Q

Granulocytes

A

Specific granule leukocytes
Contain azurophillic granules (lysosomes)- stain purple

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Nuclei have 2 or more lobes

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21
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lack specific granules- leukocytes
Contain lysosomes (azurophillic granules)
Nucleus round or indented

Lymphocytes, monocytes

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22
Q

Relative Abundance of Leukocytes in Blood

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

Can be called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

Function: phagocytosis of bacteria

Nucleus: lobes are not static: change in number and shape

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24
Q

Neutrophils contain specific granules that contain what enzymes

A

Collagenase, phospholipidase, complement activators (help destroy bacteria), and lysozyme (helps kills bacteria by breaking down cell wall)

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25
Neutrophils contain azurophillic granules (lysosomes) that contain usual hydrolases and
Myeloperoxidase: generates bactericidal hypochlorite and chloramines Defending: 12-50 amino acid microbial peptides
26
Diapedesis
Process in which PMNs (and other WBCs) leave capillaries and venules by passing between endothelial cells and penetrating the underlying connective tissue
27
Chemokines
Chemical signals that promote diapedesis
28
Attraction of specific cells by chemical mediators is called
Chemotaxis
29
Dead cells form the yellowish white exudates called
Pus
30
Principal Type of Muscle: Striated
cross-striation visible reflect the highly organized arrangement of contractile proteins, mainly ACTIN and MYOSIN within muscle cells
31
Smooth Muscle
No cross-striation visible
32
Examples of Striated Muscle
Skeletal Muscle (Sometimes referred to as visceral striated muscle- skeletal muscle found in soft tissues) (Ocular muscles) Cardiac Muscle
33
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary Composed of muscle fibers Multinucleated Nuclei are in cell periphery under the plasma membrane (distinguishing factor)
34
Organization of Skeletal Muscle
CT surrounds the entire muscle, fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers), and individual muscle fibers Levels of CT organization: Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium
35
Endomysium
Composed mainly of a basal lamina and reticular fibers that surround individual muscle fibers
36
Perimysium
A thicker CT tissue layer that surrounds the fascicle
37
Epimysium
An external sheath of dense CT surrounding the entire muscle
38
What bind laminin together
Integrins
39
Laminin
A protien component of the endomysium (also present in nerve fibers), brown
40
Dystrophin and mutate to cause the disease
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)- affects more boys that girls (X linked) Destabalizes plasma membrane- increase in calcium into the cell- leads to death of the muscle cells Muscle cells die- replace with CT and adipose tissue (may not be able to stand)
41
Tendons
at the end of each muscle, CT may continue beyond the muscle fibers to form a strong TENDON (periostuym) that attached the skeletal muscle to the bone
42
Myofibrils
building blocks of striated muscle fibers contractile organelles of striated muscle fibers and extend the entire length of the muscle cell composed of myofilaments: actin (thin) and myosin (thick) -the highly ordered arrangement of myofilaments compose the pattern of cross-striations
43
Sarcomere
the basic contractile unit of striated muscle between two adjacent Z lines
44
Dark bands
A bands anisotropic
45
Light Bands
I bands isotropic
46
Components of Sacromeres
Actin and Myosin Myosin- dark bands A bands (thick) Actin- edge of the H band (thin) Other components: tropomyosin
47
Myosin II composed of
two heavy chains, and four light chains heavy chains wrap into a coiled-coil called the TAIL Two globular heads
48
Myosin Head Domain
The globular head of the myosin heavy chain has binding sites for actin and ATP head domain has ATPase that can hydrolyze ATP critical for muscle contraction
49
How leptin cause a negative-feedback mechanism to regulate growth of the tissue that secretes it?
Leptin normally made by fat cells Acts on tissues including neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate eating behavior stimulation of these neurons-> reduces hunger and discourages eating-> decreased amount of fat tissue
50
True or False: Mice that lack leptin or leptin receptor are extremely skinny
false they are fat
51
Proteins of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (makes it brown)
cytochromes
52
Nonshivering thermogenesis
abundant in hibernating animals lipid in brown adipose cells are oxidized it produces heat that warms the blood flowing through the brown fat on arousal from hibernation
53
Mitochondira of brown adipose cells contain a protein called
uncoupling protein (UCP)/thermogenin in their inner membrane
54
What does UCP/thermogenin do in the inner membrane of brown adipose tissue
allows protons pumped into intermembranous space of mitochondira to flow back into matrix without passing though ATP synthetase Result: heat is produced instead of ATP
55
True or false: in humans, brown fat is least abundant in newborns where it generates heat
False, it is most abundant present in first decade of life and then dissapears (only remain in kidney, aorta, neck)
56
How much percentage of body weight does brown adipose tissue constitute
2-5%
57
What is the ECM of cartilage rich in?
GAGs and proteoglycans, that interact with collagen and elastic fibers
58
Cartilage Cells
Chondrocytes synthesize and secrete the ECM loacted in the lacunae (cavities within the matrix)
59
True or False: All forms of cartilage are vascular
False they are avascular nourished by diffusion in adjacent CT (perichondrium) or synovial fluid
60
True or False: Articular cartilage that covers the bones of movable joints lack a perichondrium
True, sustained instead by nutrients from synovial fluid
61
Perichondrium
sheath of dense CT that surround cartilage in most places contains vascular supply for the avascular cartilage contains nerves and lymphatic vessels (Unlike cartliage) rich in type I collagen
62
True or False: Hyaline Cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate of growing bones
True
63
True or False: 30% of the dry wigh of hyaline cartilage consists of collagen
False, 40%
64
Hyaline cartilage contains primarily what type of collagen
type II
65
Proteoglycan aggregates
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid are cross-linked to collagen fibers in hyaline cartilage ECM
66
Territorial or Capsular Matrix
basophillic (bc of negatively charged GAGs) peripheral zone surrounding each chondrocyte (poor in collagen, rich in GAG)
67
True or False: The perichondrium surrounds all hyaline cartilage except for articular cartilage in the joints
True
68
Chondrocytes
contain isogenous groups synthesize collagen and all other matrix molecules derived from the mesenchyme
69
Histogenesis of Cartilage
mesenchymal cells->chondroblasts->creates matrix-> surrounded by matrix (chondrocytes)
70
True or False: Differentiation of cartilage occurs from the periphery of mesenchymal cells inward
False, center and outward central cells-> chondrocytes periphery-> chondroblasts
71
Appositional Growth
mechanism of cartilage growth forms new cartilage at the surface of existing cartilage derived from fibroblast-LIKE cells (not fibroblasts) in the inner portion of the surrounding perichondrium
72
Interstitial Growth
mechanism of cartilage growth occurs by the division of chondrocytes within their lacunae IMPORTANT IN: epiphyseal plates during bone growth replacement of articular cartilage at joints
73
Where can elastic cartilage be found
auricle of the ear, epiglottis
74
How does elastic cartilage grow
intersitial and appositional growth
75
True or False: Elastic Cartilage does NOT possess a perichondrium
False they do
76
What is the main difference between elastic and hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage posess elastic fibers in addition to type II collagen while hyaline cartilage only has type II collagen
77
Fibrocartilage
intermediate between dense CT and hyaline cartilage Found in-> intervertebral disks DO NOT CONTAIN PERICHONDRIUM collagen type I fibers
78
Bone Structure
Bone is classified as either: compact (dense) -forms outside layer of bone spongy (cancellous) -interior portion -anastomosing trabeculae
79
periosteum
dense fibrous layer invested in external surface of bone inserted muscle tendons and ligaments
80
Epiphysis
articular cartilage cancellous bone
81
diaphysis
compact bone periosteum medullary cavity
82
Major bone cells types
osteogenic cells- give rise to osteoblasts osteoblasts- synthesize the organic components of the matrix osteocytes- found in cavities within the matrix osteoclasts- multinucleated giant cells involved in resorption and remodeling of bone tissue
83
Osteoblasts
synthesize organic components of bone matrix (type I collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins) located on surfaces of bone tissue, resembling epithelium appear as rounded basophillic cells once they are surrounded by matrix- called osteocytes and sit in the lacuna
84
Osteoid
new (not calcified) matrix formed by osteoblasts in contact with older bone matrix appositional bone growth after deposition, osteoid calcifies
85
True or False: Interstitial growth does not occur in the bone
true
86
Osteocytes
derived from osteoblasts only one osteocyte per lacuna they actively maintain the bony matrix death of this cell is followed by resorption of the matrix it produced
87
Where are the cytoplasmic properties of osteocytes fill in?
Canaliculi in the bone matrix
88
Osteoclasts
large, multinucleated secrete collagenase and other enzymes and pump protons
89
True or False: 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix consists of inorganic matter
True
90
Organic Matter in bone matrix
type I collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
91
Periosteum
dense fibrous layer of CT Two layers: Outer collagen fibers and fibroblasts Inner fibroblast-like cells- OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS (osteogenic)
92
Endosteum
lines internal cavities of the bone singler layer of osteogenic cells/osteoblasts provides continuous supply of new osteoblasts
93
In immature animals, the medullary cavities of most bones (central regions) contain
active red marrow responsible for production of the cellular elements of blood
94
medullary cavities of other bones contain mostly
inactive (yellow) marrow composed of adipose tissue
95
Another name for mature bone
lamellar bone

Histology (3 decks)

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