Exam 2 Flashcards
(50 cards)
Serotonin low/high levels
Low: depressed mood, alterations in libido/sleep/appetite
High: serotonin syndrome
Norepinephrine low/high
Low: depressed mood, lack of focus
High: fight or flight symptoms
Dopamine high/low
Low: loss of joy/motivation/reward, Parkinson’s disease
High: psychosis, extreme elation
Dopamine mechanisms
Complex movements, motivations, cognition, regulation of emotional response
Norepinephrine mechanisms
Attention, learning, memory, sleep, wakefulness, mood regulation
Epinephrine mechanisms
Fight or flight
Glutamate mechanisms
Regulates nerve transmission
Serotonin mechanisms
Food intake, emotions, sleep, wakefulness
GABA mechanisms
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter, modulation of other transmitters
Benzodiazepines
Pam-a-lams. Used for anxiety (lower doses), alcohol withdraw, agitation, conscious sedation (higher doses). Short term use. Calm the brain down.
MAOIs
Inhibits MAO, allowing norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. Treats depression in patients that are unresponsive to other antidepressants.
MAOI drug to drug
Other antidepressants could cause hypertensive crisis. Need a “washout” period of at least two weeks before taking other antidepressants.
MAOIs food interactions
Tyramine/pressor amines: increase BP and cause hypertensive crisis. Aged cheese, brewers yeast, smoked meats, red wines.
SSRIS
Block the reuptake of serotonin with little to no known effect on norepinephrine. Treats depression and anxiety disorders (risk for suicide). -pram,-one.
How long does it take SSRIS to work
May take several weeks to work
Paroxetine
SSRI. Avoid at all cost. Causes congenital defects.
Lithium
Therapeutic level: 0.5-1.2.
Treats bipolar disorder.
Effects: lethargy, slurred speech, ataxia, clonic movements, arrhythmia
Antipsychotics
Treat schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and other psychotic disorders.
Typical antipsychotics
Dopamine receptor blockers, anti cholinergic, antihistamine, chlorpromazine (THORAZINE), haloperidol (haldol)
Lower dopamine
Atypical antipsychotics
-pines, -dones, -pip, -rip
Block dopamine, serotonin receptors
Extrapyramidal side effects
Pseudoparkinsonism: muscle tremors, cogwheel rigidity, drooling, shuffling gait
Dystonia: spasms of tongue, back, legs, unnatural neck twisting
Akathisia: constant feeling of insatiable restlessness
Tardive dyskinesia: not reversible, lip smacking, tongue darting, chewing movements
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome side effects
Extremely high fever, rigid muscles, irregular pulse, tachycardia, tachypnea, blood pressure changes
Haloperidol
Antipsychotic. Headache, insomnia, confusion, tachycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Defense mechanisms
Methods of attempting to protect self and cope with basic drives
