Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

How does the lung capacity compare between the Ox and Equine? What is the clinical application? Why is bloat a big issue in cattle? What are the boundaries in the Ox?

Answer 1

The Ox has approx only 30% of the lung capacity of the horse The Ox also has multiple lobes, horse doesn't We need to listen to multiple lobes in the Ox If you auscultate too caudally in the Ox you hear gut sounds, not lung sounds. Cattle are excellent at walling off infections, so one lobe may sound normal while the lobe next to it is grossly abnormal -Wheezes: asthma, airway disease -Crackles: fluid, edema, interstitial/pleural issues. Boundaries in the Ox -10-11th rib down to elbow -Auscultate 4 spots -They have a very small thoracic cavity compared to the equine, limited space for the lungs Bloat -Rumen enlargement can obstruct the lungs/breathing -They can suffocate and die

Answer 2

Left lung -Two lobes: Cranial Lobe (Cranial and caudal part) -Caudal lobe Right lung -Significantly larger -Four lobes -Cranial-ventilated independently by the tracheal bronchus -Middle -Caudal -Accessory Comparison -Lobation is prominent and easily differentiated -Lobulation: their lung tissue appears to be broken into lobules

Answer 3

Left lung -Notch lies between the cranial and caudal portion of the cranial lobe -From 3rd intercostal space to the 5th rib -Deep to triceps Right Lung -smaller space than the left -3rd and 4th intercostal spaces -Entirely deep to the triceps Placement of stethoscope -Start at the elbow and draw an imaginary line to the dorsal aspect of the 10-11th rib -Bovine formula C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18-20. -Animal standing squarely, stethoscope between elbow and body wall -Proper auscultation requires practice since heart and lung sounds may be muffled by excess tissue cover Bacterial pneumonia -Often affect cranioventral lung lobes first -Likely by sedimentation of the bacteria as they pass from the trachea to the lung tissue

Answer 4

-Assymetrically placed with 60% being to the left of midline -Lies between the 2nd and 5th intercostal space, and the apex stands on the sternum. -The caudal border apposes the diaphragm, lines up with reticulum and liver Comparisons -The primary difference is the aorta -In ruminants and horses only brachiocephalic artery arises from he aortic arch. -Both subclavians arise from the brachiocephalic trunk -Ruminants also have a left and right azygous vein.

Answer 5

PAM 3,4,5 T4 -Pulmonary valve 3rd intercostal space -Aortic valve 4th intercostal space -Left AV valve (mitral) 5th intercostal space ventral to the aortic valve Right -Right AV valve (tricuspid) 3-4th intercostal space Clinical application -The heart is only separated from the reticulum by the diaphragm -Consumption of foreign bodies can lead to penetrating the wall of the reticulum and causing reticuloperitonitis, penetration of the heart, sudden death. Right heart failure -blood backs up into the jugular veins causing them to appear distended -Look for distention more the 2/3 of the way up the neck Left side heart failure -Fluid accumulation in the lungs causing a cough not associated with pneumonia

Answer 6

Mediastinum -The cleft or wall separating the thorax into two compartments -Contains: heart, esophagus, trachea, aorta, thymus, various vessels, nerves, and lymphatic structures. Vagus nerve -Typically found in close proximity to the esophagus, and passing dorsal to the base of the heart in a cranial to caudal fashion -It passes between the lungs within the mediastinum Clinical application -Mediastinum of horses, sheep, dogs, contain fenestrations allowing unilateral pneumothorax or pyothorax to become bilateral -Cattle, goats, and pigs, do not have these fenestrations, making them somewhat resistant to the spread of these conditions. Vagal Indigestion -Type I vagal indigestion can be caused by inflammation of the structures in close proximity to the vagus nerve. -Vagus nerve is involved with the rumen motility -Localized peritonitis adhesions (potentially from traumatic reticuloperitonitis), or chronic pneumonia may contribute to the development of vagal indigestion. Example: -Chronic bloated calf, failure to thrive due to colostrum deficiency when born.

Answer 7

Equine digestive Tract

Answer 8

-Oral cavity -Pharynx -Esophagus -Stomach -Small intestine -Large intestine -Rectum and anus

Answer 9

-Monogastric: one true stomach -5-15 liters capacity -Esophagus; oblique orientation -Cardia (entry) -Fundus -Body -Pylorus (exit) -Greater curvature -Lesser curvature **The terminal esophagus is a thick muscle, impressive lower esophageal sphincter** **Horses can't vomit, dilation of the stomach can lead to rapture** -Glandular portion and Non-glandular separated by MARGOT PLICATUS. -Non-glandular portion is not protected from gastric acid, gastric ulcers are common. -Rugal folds increase the surface area Stomach positioning -Contacts the diaphragm and liver cranially -Contacts the colon, pancreas, and small intestine -Attached to the spleen on the left by a gastrosplenic ligament: connects the dorsolateral greater curvature with lesser curvature of the spleen

Answer 10

It connects the greater curvature of the stomach and the initial part of the duodenum with terminal part of the large colon and initial part of the small colon, which connects to the dorsal body wall Lesser Omentum -Connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum with the liver -Hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer 11

It is the naturally occurring opening leading into the omental bursa **Small intestine can get trapped in the omental bursa** Bounded by -The caudate lobe of the liver dorsocranially -The caudal vena cava dorsally -The portal vein ventrally

Answer 12

Small Intestine -Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum Large Intestine -Cecum -Ascending "large colon" -Transverse -Descending "small colon" -Rectum -Anus Duodenum -Found dorsally on the horse's right side. suspended from dorsal body wall by a short mesentery 3-5cm MESODUODENUM -Cranial duodenal flexure -Descending duodenum -Caudal duodenal flexure: caudal to the cranial mesenteric artery -Transverse duodenum (way caudally toward rectum) -Ascending duodenum -Duodenojejunal flexure - Duodenocolic ligament -Duodenocolic fold Small intestine - Jejunum (no tania, no huastra) -Found from the left paralumbar fossa to the ventral abdominal floor -Long mesentery ~ 65 ft (19.5 m) -Long Mesojejunum: around cranial mesenteric artery "root of the mesentery" attachment site Small intestine -Ileum -Terminal small intestine -More muscular -Ileocecal fold **Landmark for clinical decisions** Large Intestine -Taenia: "Bands" longitudinal smooth muscle -Haustra: Indentations, sacculations created by the tania. Transient -CECUM: fills right paralambar fossa to ventral midline -Base, body, and apex -Ileocecal valve - papilla -Cecocolic orifice - no valve **common site of obstruction** -4 bands - ileocecal fold fold and cecocolic ligament -Transverse colon: Right to left, cranial to the root of the mesentery, funnel shaped -Descending colon: "small colon" long mesentery, mostly dorsal left caudal quadrant of abdomen, continues within pelvic canal as rectum. Right ventral colon - sternal flexure - left ventral colon - pelvic flexure - left dorsal colon - diaphragmatic flexure - right dorsal colon. 444-1322 = Four on the floor (Cecum, right ventral, left ventral) One = left dorsal colon, 3 = right dorsal, 2 = transverse, 2 = Descending colon.

Answer 13

1. Liver 2. Pancreas 3. Gallbladder 4. Spleen Liver -Caudate lobe & caudate process of caudate lobe (no papillary process) -Renal fossa is caudal part of caudate lobe -Left lobe: left medial and left lateral parts -Right lobe -Quadrate lobe -Diaphragmatic surface -Visceral surface -Marks related to ribs on diaphragmatic surface -Caudal vena cava: dorsally and portal vein ventrally as well as the common hepatic duct

Answer 14

-Almost imposible to palpate the liver -Easiest on the Rt side for a FNA, liver biopsy

Answer 15

-It is located on the left dorsal abdomen -Tail or apex extends cranially -Caudal edge of greater curvature may be palpable per rectum **Nephrosplenic ligament #6 connects spleen and left kidney. Left dorsal displacement of large colon, sire for colic**

Answer 16

-Located transversely across the abdomen, touching the dorsal body wall -Heart shaped, around the portal vein. Major duodenal papilla (bile duct entrance), Minor duodenal papilla (accessory pancreatic duct)

Answer 17

1. Celiac artery -Splenic a. - left gastroepiploic a. (left side of greater curvature) -Left gastric (left side of lesser curvature) -Hepatic - right gastric - gastroduodenal a. - right gastroepiploic (right greater curvature) 10. Cranial mesenteric artery -Caudal pancreaticoduodenal a. -Jejunal a. -Ileocolic a. # 15 Colic branch #16 (ventral large colon) -Right colic a. # 13 (dorsal large colon) -Middle colic # 14 (small colon) 20. Caudal mesenteric artery -Left colic - small colon and rectal branches. **Cecum does not have dual blood supply and is predisposed to circulation injury** **Landmark to identify the Ileum = ileocecal fold**

Answer 18

Superficial to deep A. Cutaneous trunci m. B. External abdominal Oblique m. CAUDOVENTRAL fibers C. Internal Abdominal Oblique m. CRANIOVENTRAL fibers D. Transverse Abdaminous m. DORSOVENTRAL D. Rectus Abdominous m. ventral part of abdomen might not come into play B. External abdominal oblique m. The most superficial muscle of the trunk. Arises from the caudal aspect of the last eight ribs. Fibers run caudoventrally to the lines alba. The most dorsal fibers will appear to run horizontally to the coral tuber. C. Internal abdominal oblique m. is deep to external abdominal oblique m. fibers arise from the coxal tuber and the pelvic tendon of the external abdominal oblique m. It inserts on the last rib and linea alba. Fibers will appear to run in a cranioventral fashion. D. Transverse abdominis m. Arises from the last rib and the extremities of the lumbar transverse processes. DEEPEST during C-section. It inserts into the aponeurosis immediately dorsal to the rectus abdominis m. Fibers run dorsal to ventral direction D. Rectus abdominis m. Arises from the ventral surface of the last ten ribs and travels caudally to the pubic brim.

Answer 19

T13 L1 L2 They come out into dorsal and ventral branches and provide innervation to the flank area, sensation. The skin is supplied by the dorsal and ventral branches, the deeper structure are supplied by the ventral branches. Topography of the nerves to the flank and udder Lateral figure 1. Last rib 2. Spinous process of second lumbar vertebrae (L2) 3. Coxal tuber 4. 12 thoracic intercostal nerve. (T12) 5. T13 nerve (costoabdominal n.) 6. L1 nerve (iliohypogastric n.) 7. L2 nerve (Ilioinguinal n.) 8. L3 and L4 nerves (genitofemoral n.) 9. L5 nerve 10. Ventral perineal n. Dorsal view figure 1. Last rib 2. First lumbar vertebrae L1 3. Sixth lumbar vertebrae L6 4. Coxal tuber 5. Dorsal and ventral branches of T13 nerve 6. Dorsal and ventral branches of L2 nerve 7. Supraspinous ligament

Answer 20

1. Esophagus 2. Outline of the spleen 3. Reticulum 4. Dorsal sac of rumen 5. Ventral sac of rumen (covered by superficial wall of greater omomentum) 6. Funds of abomasum (covered by superficial wall of greater omentum

Answer 21

1. Esophagus 3. Reticulum 8. Body of abomasum 13. Omasum covered by lesser omentum 14. Descending duodenum 15. Pyloric part of abomasum 16. Greater Omentum covering the intestinal mass 17. Lesset omentum cut away from the liver

Answer 22

-Along with the Reticulum, it is the fermentation part. -It extends from the cardia (half way up the 8th rib) to the pelvic inlet, and from the floor of the abdomen to the ceiling. -It fills the entire left side of the abdomen stretching over midline especially caudally and ventrally to the right flank Rumen internal Anatomy -Longitudinal pillar (right and left) -Cranial pillar (9-12) -Caudal pillar (10-11) -Ruminoreticular fold (cranial portion of 12) -Recessus ruminis (atrium of the rumen #9) -The mucosa will appear as a sheet of papilla Rumen Contents -Gas bubble -Coarse forage -Finely ground material with more density than coarse forage -Liquid **These layers can be assessed during PE**

Answer 23

Functions virtually the same as the rumen Boundaries -Cranially by the diaphragm and liver -Ventrally by the abomasum -Caudally by the rumen -Laterally by the abdominal wall It is relatively fixed in place and not palpable per rectum. Mucosa forms a honeycomb pattern. Relatively larger in small ruminants Reticular Groove -A bounded gutter leading from the esophagus and cardia ventrally to the fundus and opening of the omasum **In the unweaned animal the groove takes the shape of a tube to direct any ingested material directly into the omasum and abomasum **

Answer 24

-Found in the right side of the abdomen within the intrathoracic portion -Bounded by the rumen and the reticulum on the left and the liver on the right and body wall on the right -Found externally between the right 8th to 11th ribs -Typically out of reach rectally, but can be auscultated through the body wall Functions: water absorption, volatile fatty acids and electrolyte absorption. Filtering particles small enough to reach abomasum **Mucosa looks like pages pages of book**

Answer 25

-Lies flexed on the floor of the abdomen, embracing the lower pole of the omasum -Its proximal and distal ends are fixed in place at the omasum and lesser omentum -A small portion can be appreciated on the left side of the abdomen, it primarily lies on or slightly to the right of midline -The distal end is called the pylorus which communicates with the duodenum

Answer 26

Gastric contractions are coordinated by the vagus nerve. Any damage along the length of the vagus may lead to vagal indigestion, from disease or iatrogenic causes. The vagus nerve approaches the stomach by way of a dorsal and ventral vagal trunk named based on their relation to the esophagus. -Dorsal trunk primarily supplies the rumen -The ventral trunk primarily supplies the reticulum

Answer 27

Left and right abomasa displacements are one of the most common surgeries in dairy practice The abomasum can filled with fluid or gas and rise to the right side of the rumen. Rectally palpated as a gas filled structure occasionally Right side can become RVA Neonate -Stomach varies significantly from adult stomach -The abomasum in neonates is much larger compared to the other chambers. It is the primary stomach chamber in neonates

Answer 28

The intestines lie almost entirely on the right side of the abdomen. The cranial most portion lies under the ribs -Duodenum: initially courses doors-cranially towards the liver, but then turns caudally when it gets level to the coal tuber -Normally seen through a high flank incision used for displacement surgeries, it should be traveling horizontally Hindgut -Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum-ileocecal fold. -Cecum -Proximal ascending colon -Spiral colon: centripetal turns (pedal in). Centrifugal turns (get the F out). -Distal ascending colon -Transverse colon -Descending colon

Answer 29

Liver (11th intercostal space) The liver is found almost entirely on the right side of the abdomen Lies deep to the ribs from the ventral 3rd to 6th intercostal space to the upper part of the last rib The liver can be palpated easily during abdominal exploratory as a solid organ immediately cranial to a high right flank incision. **Edges of liver should be sharp**

Answer 30

1. Rumen -Left side of abdomen, stretching over midline caudally and ventrally to the right flank. -From the cardia to way up 8th rib to the pelvic inlet 2. Reticulum -Ventral to diaphragm and liver. Dorsal to abomasum, cranial to rumen, laterally bound by abdominal wall. "Behind the heart" 3. Omasum -On the right side within intrathoracic portion. Right of rumen and reticulum, caudal to liver. Between 8th and 11th rib. Mucosa looks like a book 4. Abomasum -Lies on the floor embracing the lower pole of omasum. Fixed by lesser omentum. Small portion on the left side. 5. Liver -Percussion on the right side by 11th rib intercostal space 6. Duodenum 7. Cecum

Answer 31

Unlike small animal surgery, you often can not see what your are working on Abomasal displacement surgery as our model -Normal -Reverse D: Bloat -Pear: Ascites, Intestinal Obstruction -Apple: Hydrops, severe ascites, during pregnancy. -D: Cecocolic volvulus, Abomasal volvulus. -Papple: Abomasal impaction

Answer 32

1. Proximal paravertebral 2. Distal paravertebral 3. Inverted L 4. Line block Proximal paravertebral -First the spinous processes of L1, L2, and L3 are found -The nerve roots are located lateral to the spinous processes -A 6" spinal needle is inserted in a ventral fashion until the transverse process is hit. The needle then is walked off the caudal of the transverse process and lidocaine is injected -This will anesthetize T13, L1 and L2 Distal Paravertebral -Find the transverse processes of L1 and L2 and L4 (skip L3) -Because the ventral and dorsal branches of the spinal nerve have separated at this point, lidocaine must be injected above and below the spinous process.

Answer 33

-Produced when a gas filled organ under pressure is in contact with the body wall -Any organ can do this Left side -Rumen gas cap -Left displaced abomasum Right side -Right displaced abomasum -Right abomasum volvulus -Cecal dilation -Cecal volvulus -Duodenal gas -Colic gas (spiral colon) -Uterine gas -Free abdominal gas, can happen after c-section Where will it ping? -Draw a line from the elbow to the coral tuber. Usually left displaced abomasum are centered around this line on the right or left side -Most DA will be found under the ribs on either side extending from rib 9-13th (they can extend further in extreme cases)

Answer 34

-Standing flank incisions are probably the most common approach -Start approx 8-10 cm ventral to the transverse process of L2 and L3 Abdominal Explore Right-side (Clock-face analogy) 3: liver 5: abomasum 7-9: small intestine mass covered by omentum 9-10: cecum 10: non-pregnant uterus 11: Right kidney 11-1: Duodenum Deep to the incision should feel the mass of the rumen Abdominal Explore Left-side Basically just rumen 3-5: Small intestinal mass compressed ventrally by the rumen 4-6: Pregnant uterus (lying on the floor of the abdomen) 7-9: LDA Fistulated cows are usually rumen juice donors. The surgical site should not be too ventral, which would allow blockage of the port by rumen contents. It should not be so far dorsal that it places unnecessary stain on the luminal tissue. Liver Biopsy -11th intercostal space -in line drawn from coal tuber

Answer 35

The bony pelvis -Sacrum -Coxal bones = Ilium, ischium, pubis Bovine -Sacrosciatic ligament -Round pelvic inlet Pelvic inlet -Terminal line = pelvic brim. Rounder in mare/cow, more ovoid in stallion Pelvic Outlet -Ischial tuberosity and arch -Sacriosciatic ligament -Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and sacrosciatic ligament support pelvic outlet. Sacroiliac Joint -Modified diarthrosis: hyaline cartilage on scrum, fibrocartilage on ilium, supporting ligaments (Dorsal sacroiliac ligaments, dorsal and lateral) -Tiny joint capsule -Ventral sacroiliac ligament -Interosseus ligament -Pelvic symphysis Pathogenic issues -"hunter seat bump" on horses

Answer 36

-Lateral sacrum to ilium and schium -Greater ischiadic notch. Lumbrosacral trunk. CRANIAL GLUTEAL a. & v. -Lesser ischiadic notch. Tendon of internal obturator in a horse Bovine -Within 24 hrs of birthing sacrosciatic ligament relaxes

Answer 37

Two kidneys Two Ureters Bladder Urethra **Right kidney is more cranial than left kidney** -Adrenal glands found cranially except in the horse -Covered in perinephric fat and fibrous capsule -Cat and ruminant - left kidney is pendulous Kidney Parenchyma -Cortex: renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules -Medulla: long loops of henley and collecting ducts -Unipapillary: renal crest = carnivores, horse, small ruminant. -Multipapillary = pig, ox. Equine kidney -Unipapillary with renal crest -Terminal recesses -Mucus glands = makes urine frothy, foamy Rt kidney: located ventral to the last two ribs and first lumbar transverse process. Find transcutaneously Left kidney: located ventral to the last rib and first two or three lumbar processes. find transcutaneously Bladder -Retroperitoneal when empty -Two lateral ligaments, one median ligament

Answer 38

External anatomy

Answer 39

The vulva is the exterior opening of the female reproductive tract -It is located ventral to the anus -Bounded laterally by the labia on either side that meet both dorsally and ventrally at the commissures -Acts as the exterior opening for both repro and urinary tract -Swelling of the vulva can be normal sign of estrus -It is contained within the perineum which is defined as the area ventral to the tail and dorsal to the ventral commissure of the vulva Clinical application -Mares with recessed vulva towards the anus is considered poor conformation -Breeding soundness exam **Windsucker, pneumovagina** -Conformational defect of the mare -The vulvar lips do not properly oppose allowing air to be sucked into the vagina -Can also lead to fecal contamination of the vagina -Corrected with CASLICK's Surgery

Answer 40

The pudendal nerve provides sensory innervation to the rectum, internal and external reproductive organs, and the perineal skin Pudendal nerve also provides motor innervation to the striated perineal musculature The pudendal nerve arises from S2-S4 in ruminants, and S(2)3-S4 in horses Caudal epidural -Placed in the sacrococcygeal space (S5-C1) or the first coccygeal space (C1-C2). This provides analgesia to the tail, vagina, vulva, anus, and rectum (also caudal prepuce in males) -For procedures involving the cranial abdomen and lumbosacral epidural is given within the lumbrosacral space

Answer 41

Mare 1. Ovary 1' proper ligament of the ovary 2. Uterine tube 3. Uterine horn 4. Uterine body 5. Cervix 6. Vaginal part of the cervix 7. Fornix (mares unique) 8. Vagina

Answer 42

-The caudal most portion of the internal reproductive tract, connecting the vagina to the vulva -External urethral orifice cranially, and caudally is the clitoris -The clitoral retractor muscle and vulvar constrictor muscle are responsible for the 'clitoral wink' that happens during urination or estrus of mares Vagina -Mainly composed of aglandular tissue that is highly distensible -It lies caudal to the cervix and cranial to the vestibule -The lumen is typically closed, but it opens sufficiently to allow palpation, or delivery of a foal/calf/kid/lamb.

Answer 43

-Glandular, sphincter like muscle found immediately cranial to the vagina -Excretes copious amounts of mucous -Composed of smooth muscle, changes tone, size, color and secretions depending on the dominant hormone expressed at the time. Estrogen: estrus = flaccid Progesterone: diestrus = tight. -It acts as the final line of defense of the uterus against contamination

Answer 44

-Found immediately cranial to the cervix -Can be divided into a body, and two horns -It is suspended in the abdomen by the MESOMETRIUM of the broad ligament -The lumen consists of gland-free core of connective tissue arranged in longitudinal folds, surrounded by a highly glandular endometrium

Answer 45

-It is a fold of peritoneum -Suspends the female repro tract within the abdomen Portions 1. Mesosalpinx: encompasses the uterine tube 2. Mesovarium: attaches ovary to the dorsolateral abdominal wall 3. Mesometrium: attaches the uterine body and horns to the dorsolateral body wall. Includes the Uterine Vessels (palpable) Uterine Vessels -Found within the mesometrium -Fremitus-vibration felts in the middle uterine artery during pregnancy in cows -They course cranially along the sides of the uterus and uterine horns until they anastomose with the uterine branches of the ovarian arteries and veins

Answer 46

Uterine horns and body -Carnivores and sows have long horns compared to their uterine bodies. Adapted for litter bearing -Mares: short horns, similar in length to uterine body -Ruminants: have long horns and short bodies. The horns are bounded cranially by **intercornual ligament** Location of the Ovaries -Mare: lie caudal to the kidneys in the sub lumbar region -Ruminants and sows: lie at the pelvic inlet Cervix -Mare: simple cervix that bulges into the vagina, forming a distinct vaginal recess -Ruminants and sows: long cervixes with transverse folds that interdigitate with each other. The effectively closes the cervix during any time outside of estrus and parturition.

Answer 47

-Enter the rectum -Sweep the floor of the rectum just cranial to the anus until you find the cervix (will fill like a length of garden hose) -continue moving cranially until you feel the bifurcation of the horns -Grasp the intercornual ligament and flip the uterus up so that it is resting in your palm. Only applicable for cows -Palpate the length of both horns choking for signs of pregnancy Ovaries -Larger in mares than in cattle -Should find on either side of the pelvis -Can appreciate follicles (cherry tomatoes) and corpus lutes (raised rough areas). **Check both for signs of estrus** Ultrasound -Know the order of the structures as they appear vagina, cervix, bladder, ovaries (4 and 6 O'clock), uterine horns Surgical Considerations -Porcine c-section: typically lateral recumbency with the left leg lifted. Paramedic incision. Incision closer to the uterine body, which is longer than in ruminants and more forgiving, allows exploration of both uterine horns. Bovine c-section -Typically done standing animal -In the left flank -Rumen prevents viscera from being pushed out during contractions -Incise the uterus distal to the uterine body bc the body is short and has very little cranial to caudal elasticity. -Weight of the baby will make it setting to the ventral abdomen

Answer 48

Equine: oriented horizontally Ruminant: oriented vertically, and pendulous Porcine: oriented vertically, held right to the body

Answer 49

-Fibroelastic: high connective tissue content means these will remain firm even when not erect. Ruminants and the boar -Musculocavernous: low connective tissue content, will be flaccid when not erect. Horses and carnivores

Answer 50

-Testes should be equal in size -Flexed bicep consistency on palpation -Move freely within the scrotum and be oriented vertically for bovine -32-34 cm but ideally 35 cm in diameter -Should measure at least 8 cm wide -The penis of stallions and bulls should be examine for signs of scars, tumors, or other lesions. -Defects may be present and prevent breeding ex: persistent frenulums, which should break naturally during birth. It can be removed surgically, but should not be bred

Answer 51

-Testicles located retroperitoneal between the peritoneum and the body wall. -Initially the gubernaculum passes ventrally through the inguinal canal into the scrotum -It is followed by the testicle and epididymis -As it moves through the inguinal canal it picks up parietal peritoneum and fascial layers of the inner and outer abdominal wall. -These become the vaginal tunic once outside the abdomen The Inguinal Canal -It is a potential space between the flesh of the internal abdominal oblique and the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique -The deep inguinal ring is found at the free edge of the internal abdominal oblique m. -The superficial inguinal ring lies between the pelvic and abdominal tendons of the external abdominal oblique Picture 1. Testis 2. Gubernaculum: jelly-like cord stretching from the testicle to the tail of the epididymis, and then into the inguinal canal. it becomes the scrotal ligament 3. Vaginal process 4. Testicular artery Timing of Descent -Ruminants and pigs: before birth -Carnivores: slightly after birth -Horse: 10-14 days before or after birth

Answer 52

1. Testis 2. Head of the epididymis: spermatozoan mature into sperm in the head and body of epididymis 2' body of epididymis 2" tail of the epididymis 4. Deferent duct: continuation of the epididymis for transportation of sperm 5. Pampiniform plexus: coil of testicular artery, drawing heat away from the artery to cool blood before reaching the testicle 6. Mesorchium: the serial fold connecting the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics 7. Proper ligament of the testis 8. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis 9. Cut edge of the fold of connecting visceral and parietal layers of the vaginal tunic

Answer 53

-Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum -More commonly experience by horses or pigs -Rare in ruminants -May be bilateral or unilateral -Affected animal should not be used for breeding Types 1. Inguinal: most common, undeveloped testicle found within the inguinal canal, or just outside the superficial inguinal ring. 2. Descended epididymis: tail of the epididymis and the ductus deferens are located within the inguinal canal, but the testicle is within the abdomen 3. Complete abdominal: testicle and epididymis lie with the abdominal cavity Diagnosis can often be done by palpating the inguinal rings via the inguinal region, or rectally (in stallions and bulls). Both inguinal and descended cryptorchids can be addressed in the field. Complete abdominal cryptorchids require abdominal surgery

Answer 54

Open: refers to opening the vaginal cavity and thus the peritoneal cavity Closed: clamping and removing without opening vaginal cavity

Answer 55

1. Sigmoid flexure: common site for urethral calculi 2. Retractor penis muscle-must relax to expose the penis for examination or treatment 3. Preputial skin

Answer 56

Occasionally uroliths may become lodged in the urethral process, making amputation necessary Penile anatomy Stallion 1. Glans penis 2. Urethral process 6. Fossa of the glans - traps smegma which builds up to form the 'bean' n. Preputial ring (in some horse it may be constricted leading aka phimosis)

Answer 57

3. Glans penis, note the twisting appearance 6. Prepucial diverticulum, becomes filled with cell debris soaked in urine over time A pheromone also collects here that encourages compliance from the female during mating -If it becomes overly full it may look like a hernia -Note the sigmoid flexure similar to ruminants.

Answer 58

-In general they are associated with the urethra and add the liquid portion of the ejaculate Rectal palpation 1. Bulborethral gland 2. Prostate 3. Vesicular gland

Answer 59

The dog is the only on missing -seminal vesicles -bulborethral glands -Ampulla Cat -No seminal vesicles Everybody else has everything -Seminal vesicles -Bulborethral glands -Prostate -Ampulla

Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)